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Metabolism > The Gut > Flashcards

The Gut Flashcards

1
Q

what does the stomach do

A

breaks down food

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2
Q

what does the small intestine do

A

this is where major absorption takes place

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3
Q

what does the large intestine do

A
  • controls water balance and electrolyte balance
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4
Q

what is absorbed in the small intestine

A 
FE
CHO
folate
protein 
fat 
B12 - specifics site in the terminal ileum for absorption 
bile acids
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5
Q

how much fat is in the faces

A

less than 17 mmol

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6
Q

how much protein is in the faeces

A

12g

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7
Q

how much carbohydrate is in the faeces

A
  • non it is all absorbed and used
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8
Q

the absorptive capacity of the small intestine….

A

remains the same the whole way through

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9
Q

what are common GI problems

A
  • Reflux/heartburn
  • Dyspepsia – problem with intergestion
  • Iron deficiency anaemia
  • Diarrhoea
  • Pain
  • Jaundice
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10
Q

what are the problems in the oesophagus

A

Reflux – oesophagitis
Hiatus hernia
Lack of propulsion
Cancer

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11
Q

what is another word for oesophagus

A

oesophagitis

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12
Q

describe oesphagitis

A

symptoms

  • heartburn
  • it is positional
  • there is poor correlation with symptoms

can be differentiated from angina which can cause pain in the heart

caused
- it is caused when the pH goes below 4 in the intraluminal of the oesophagus

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13
Q

describe barrets oesophogus

A
  • long standing reflux
  • pre malignant - or adenocarcinoma
  • mucosa is usually pale and white but there is redness in it
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14
Q

who does barrettes oesophagus tend to effect

A

middle-aged men

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15
Q

how can barrets oesophagus or any oesophagus constriction be shown

A
  • can use barium swallowing
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16
Q

what does the stomach produce

A
  • acid
  • intrinsic factor gastrin
  • pepsinogen (this can be converted to pepsin in the duodenum where it becomes active and digests peptides)
17
Q

what are the problems that can develop with the stomach

A

Gastritis 0- means inflammation
Gastric Ulcer
Pernicious anaemia
Cancer

18
Q

how does the stomach produce acid

A

Histamin receptor (H2) stimulates GS
Stimulates ATP and cAMP
Produces protein kinases
Produces acid

19
Q

how can you stop the stomach producing acid

A

use H2 receptor antagonists blocking the histamine from working and the production of cAMP
use a proton pump inhibitor - this prevents the formation of hydrogen ions

20
Q

what causes peptic ulcers

A

helicobacter pylori

21
Q

describe helicobacter pylori

A

it is a Class I carcinogen
increases the Risk of Gastric carcinoma 3-6x
causes most peptic ulcers

22
Q

what makes up the small intestine

A

duodenum
jejenum
ileum

23
Q

what do the vili do in the small intestine

A

increase the absorptive area

24
Q

describe the defect of the small intestine

A

• Defence against antigens
• GALT – Peyer’s patches
-Scattered lymphoid cells

25
Q

the small intestine is..

A

the biggest lymphoid organ in the body

26
Q

describe the structure of the small intestine

A
  • Villi
  • Lympathetics and blood vessles
  • Microvilli
  • Glycocalyx
  • Increases surface area
27
Q

what are the symptoms caused by infection of the small intestine

A
  • Diarrhoea/ steatorrhoea
  • Abdominal pain/discomfort
  • Weight loss
  • Nutritional deficiencies e.g. iron
28
Q

what are the problems that can be caused by the small intestine

A
  • Coeliac disease
  • Crohn’s disease
  • Infection/infestation
29
Q

how many people does coeliacs disease effect

A

1:100

30
Q

what does coeliac disease cause

A

malabsorption

31
Q

how do you diagnose calicos disease

A

Serology –EMA, tTG (IgA),DGP

Duodenal biopsy –villus atrophy

32
Q

what does Crohn’s disease effect

A 
Mouth to anus
Terminal Ileum ++
Transmural
Fissures, fistulae
Crohn’s Colitis
33
Q

describe ulcerative colitis

A
  • Colon and backwash ileitis
  • Superficial
  • Can be precancerous
34
Q

what are the problems that can develop with the colon and rectum

A

Diverticular disease
Inflammatory bowel disease(CD/UC)
Cancer
Rectum- haemorrhoids

35
Q

describe diverticular disease

A
  • Little bit of stool is stuck of diverticular

- May cause IBS symptoms

36
Q

how do you see the distribution of colorectal cancer

A
  • can be looked at with a simodiscope

- usually look at the whole colon

37
Q

how do you get rid of colonic polyp

A

use the colonoscopy

  • cut it from the colon using a wire
  • suck it onto the end of the endoscope and bring it out

Metabolism (26 decks)

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