The Gut Flashcards
what does the stomach do
breaks down food
what does the small intestine do
this is where major absorption takes place
what does the large intestine do
- controls water balance and electrolyte balance
what is absorbed in the small intestine
FE CHO folate protein fat B12 - specifics site in the terminal ileum for absorption bile acids
how much fat is in the faces
less than 17 mmol
how much protein is in the faeces
12g
how much carbohydrate is in the faeces
- non it is all absorbed and used
the absorptive capacity of the small intestine….
remains the same the whole way through
what are common GI problems
- Reflux/heartburn
- Dyspepsia – problem with intergestion
- Iron deficiency anaemia
- Diarrhoea
- Pain
- Jaundice
what are the problems in the oesophagus
Reflux – oesophagitis
Hiatus hernia
Lack of propulsion
Cancer
what is another word for oesophagus
oesophagitis
describe oesphagitis
symptoms
- heartburn
- it is positional
- there is poor correlation with symptoms
can be differentiated from angina which can cause pain in the heart
caused
- it is caused when the pH goes below 4 in the intraluminal of the oesophagus
describe barrets oesophogus
- long standing reflux
- pre malignant - or adenocarcinoma
- mucosa is usually pale and white but there is redness in it
who does barrettes oesophagus tend to effect
middle-aged men
how can barrets oesophagus or any oesophagus constriction be shown
- can use barium swallowing
what does the stomach produce
- acid
- intrinsic factor gastrin
- pepsinogen (this can be converted to pepsin in the duodenum where it becomes active and digests peptides)
what are the problems that can develop with the stomach
Gastritis 0- means inflammation
Gastric Ulcer
Pernicious anaemia
Cancer
how does the stomach produce acid
Histamin receptor (H2) stimulates GS
Stimulates ATP and cAMP
Produces protein kinases
Produces acid
how can you stop the stomach producing acid
use H2 receptor antagonists blocking the histamine from working and the production of cAMP
use a proton pump inhibitor - this prevents the formation of hydrogen ions
what causes peptic ulcers
helicobacter pylori
describe helicobacter pylori
it is a Class I carcinogen
increases the Risk of Gastric carcinoma 3-6x
causes most peptic ulcers
what makes up the small intestine
duodenum
jejenum
ileum
what do the vili do in the small intestine
increase the absorptive area
describe the defect of the small intestine
• Defence against antigens
• GALT – Peyer’s patches
-Scattered lymphoid cells
the small intestine is..
the biggest lymphoid organ in the body
describe the structure of the small intestine
- Villi
- Lympathetics and blood vessles
- Microvilli
- Glycocalyx
- Increases surface area
what are the symptoms caused by infection of the small intestine
- Diarrhoea/ steatorrhoea
- Abdominal pain/discomfort
- Weight loss
- Nutritional deficiencies e.g. iron
what are the problems that can be caused by the small intestine
- Coeliac disease
- Crohn’s disease
- Infection/infestation
how many people does coeliacs disease effect
1:100
what does coeliac disease cause
malabsorption
how do you diagnose calicos disease
Serology –EMA, tTG (IgA),DGP
Duodenal biopsy –villus atrophy
what does Crohn’s disease effect
Mouth to anus Terminal Ileum ++ Transmural Fissures, fistulae Crohn’s Colitis
describe ulcerative colitis
- Colon and backwash ileitis
- Superficial
- Can be precancerous
what are the problems that can develop with the colon and rectum
Diverticular disease
Inflammatory bowel disease(CD/UC)
Cancer
Rectum- haemorrhoids
describe diverticular disease
- Little bit of stool is stuck of diverticular
- May cause IBS symptoms
how do you see the distribution of colorectal cancer
- can be looked at with a simodiscope
- usually look at the whole colon
how do you get rid of colonic polyp
use the colonoscopy
- cut it from the colon using a wire
- suck it onto the end of the endoscope and bring it out
