Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Metabolism > Body Fluid Compartments > Flashcards

Body Fluid Compartments Flashcards

1
Q

name the percentages of water gain

A
  • Food 30%
  • drink 60%
  • Metabolism 10%
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

name the percentage of water losses

A
  • Urine 60%
  • Faeces 4%
  • Insensible losses 28%
  • sweat 8%
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is insensible losses of water

A

through SKIN Transepidermal diffusion & Lungs breath water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is rate of fluid movement in the digestive system

A
  • ingested water (2 liters)
  • liver and pancreatic secretions ( 2 liters)
  • salivary gland secretions (1.5 liters)
  • secretions by glands of the stomach and small intestines (3.5 liters).
  • Small intestines absorbs ~ 8.5 liters
  • Colon (400ml)
  • feces (100 ml)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the total body fluid

A
  • total body fluid 42L which is 60% of body weigh
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is the total intracellular fluid

A
  • intracellular fluid 28L (40%) (in the cell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the total extracellular fluid

A
  • extracellular fluid 14L is (20%) (surrounds the cell)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what does extracellular fluid split into

A
  • plasma
  • interstitial fluid
  • other ECF
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

how much does plasma make up of extracellular fluid

A
  • plasma 3L
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

how much does interstitial fluid make up of extracellular fluid

A
  • interstitial fluid is10.5L
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the other extracellular fluid

A
  • Other ECF is 0.5L this is lymph cerebrospinal fluid, eye humours, synovial fluid, serous fluid and GI secretions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is serous fluid made up of

A
  • Serous fluid is peritoneal fluid and pleural fluid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what ions are in intracellular fluid

A
  • potassium and phosphate and protein anions is high

- sodium and chloride and bicarbonate is low

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what ions are in extracellular fluid

A

sodium, chloride and bicarbonate is high

- potassium is little

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is water

A
  • it is a universal solvent
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what dissolves in water and why

A
  • More substances dissolve in water than in any other chemical, this is to do with the polarity of water molecules
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are the major solutes that are contributing to osmolarity

A
  • sodium
  • chloride
  • glucose
  • urea
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

how does penicillin use osmosis

A
  • pencilling creates a semi permeable membrane
  • this prevents bacteria from forming a wall therefore they cannot sustain osmosis, this means that water enters the bacteria and the bacteria just explodes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

describe osmotic diarrhoea

A
  • this happens if glucose is not absorbed in the right place
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what are solutes

A
  • these are molecules in solutions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what are the 2 classification of solutes

A

electrolytes

non electrolytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are electrolytes

A

inorganic salts (ie: Na+, K+, Cl-) , all acids and bases and some proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what are non electrolytes

A

examples include glucose, lipids, creatinine, and urea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

out of electrolytes and non electrolytes what has the greater osmotic power

A

Electrolytes – these have greater osmotic power than non electrolytes therefore electrolytes have the greater power to shift fluids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is osmotic pressure

A

the process that controls the movement of solvents (water) across a membrane.
- Movement will occur when there are differences in osmotic pressure across a membrane.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what side does water move towards

A
  • water migrates towards the side containing a more concentrated solute
27
Q

define osmolarity

A

the measure of solute concentration expressed as the number of osmoles (Osm) of solute per litre (L) of solution = Osm/L or mOsm/L.

28
Q

define osmolality

A

is the measure of the osmoles (Osm) of solute per kilogram (Kg) of solvent = Osm/Kg or mOsm/Kg.

29
Q

what is used osmolality or osmolarity

A

osmolality

30
Q

why is it better to use omsmolaltiy

A
  • Kg does not change with temperature or pressure as much as a volume would
  • Osmolality is per unit mass: not affected by changes in temperature or pressure
  • Osmolality is used in preference. However, at low concentrations very little difference in values.
  • Osmolality is used in clinical laboratories to assess electrolyte and acid base disorders
31
Q

what is the normal range for plasma osmolality

A
  • This is about 280-300 mOsm/Kg
32
Q

what is the membrane between the interstitial fluid and intracellular fluid

A

plasma membrane

33
Q

what is the membrane between the interstitial fluid and the plasma

A

capillary wall

34
Q

what is the membrane between the plasma and the changing environment

A

kidney
skin
lungs
gut epithelium

35
Q

what controls the balance between the plasma and interstitial fluid

A
  • The balance between plasma and interstitial fluid is controlled by hydrostatic pressure(comes from the heart) and osmotic pressure (comes from protein that is made in the liver)
36
Q

what is the major solute within the body

A

sodium

37
Q

How does sodium influence water

A
  • In the extracellular fluid mainly – it creates a pull on the water towards the blood vessels
  • Sodium is the predominant extracellular cation and is a major determinant of plasma and ECF osmolality
  • Where sodium goes water follows
38
Q

what happens if plasma and ECF sodium are in equilibrium

A
  • if plasma volume is regulated then ECF volume will follow
39
Q

what happens if both plasma volume and osmolality are regulated

A
  • this means then both total water and total sodium will be regulated
40
Q

how is the water system regulated

A
  1. CNS
  2. Hormones
  3. Kidneys
41
Q

what parts in the brain allow for linkage between CNS and peripheral blood flow

A
  • Subfornical organ
  • Organum vasculosum of lamina terminalis
  • These structures in the brain are characterized by extensive vasculature and lack of a normal blood brain barrier (BBB).
  • They allow for the linkage between the central nervous system and peripheral blood flow
42
Q

How does the CNS help control water

A
  • Increase in plasma osmolality – means there is a lot of solute but not enough water
  • This triggers a dropin saliva and produces a dry mouth this is relayed to the hypothalamic thirst centre
  • This is also relayed to the hypothalamic thirst centre by osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus
  • Therefore, the person takes a drink
  • Water moistens mouth, throat, stretches stomach, intestine
  • Water is absorbed from the GI tract
  • This decreases plasma osmolarity
  • Or
  • Plasma volume decreases
  • This decreases blood pressure
  • This triggers renin angiotensin mechanism
  • Produces angiotensin II
  • And ADH
43
Q

what is the main stimulus for thirst sensation

A
  • an increase in plasma osmolality
44
Q

what percentages are needed to stimulate thirst sensation

A
  • An increase in plasma osmolality of 1% - 2% (about 3 to 6 mOsm/Kg) or a decrease in plasma volume of 10% - 15% is required to stimulate the thirst sensation
45
Q

where is the thirst centre located and what is it monitored by

A
  • The thirst centre is located in the anterior hypothalamus & monitored by osmoreceptor. It relays impulses to the cerebral cortex making thirst a conscious sensation.
46
Q

how is plasma volume regulated by the CNS

A
  • Baroreceptors relayed to the hypothalamus
  • Go to osmoreceptors
  • Project into the pituitary gland
  • Releases ADH from the posterior lobe of the pituitary
47
Q

what is the effect of ADH on urine production

A
  • Low ADH levels produce dilute urine and reduced volume of body fluids
  • High ADH levels produce concentrated urine
48
Q

water reabsorbed in the collecting duct is..

A

proportional to ADH release

49
Q

what are factors that can trigger ADH release

A
  • prolonged fever
  • excessive sweating
  • vomititng
  • diarrhoea
  • severe blood loss
  • traumatic burns
50
Q

what are the cellular targets of ADH

A

aquaporins

51
Q

what is the hormonal regulation of plasma osmolarity

A
  • aldosterone
52
Q

how does hormonal regulation of plasma osmolarity take place

A

eleased from the adrenal cortex when there is reduced sodium or increased potassium

  • Antiporter of sodium and potassium – go opposite directions to each other
  • This is related to adrenal cortex
  • Releases aldosterone
  • Increases sodium absorption and potassium excretion
  • Therefore water follows sodium
53
Q

what does aldosterone do to the cell

A
  • Binds to the cell
  • Effects transcription
  • Says we need to make sodium potassium ATPase
  • Produces sodium channel as well
54
Q

what is the hormonal regulation of high plasma volume

A

ANP

55
Q

How does ANP work

A
  • Released from the cardiac atria when – there is increased blood volume (this stretches the atria)
  • This produces effects which bring blood volume back towards normal including increased sodium excretion
  • There is increased juxtaglomerular apparatus
56
Q

what are the 4 hormones that regulate osmolality and volume and what do they do

A
  • Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or vasopressin makes cells of collecting duct & distal tubule permeable to water.
  • Angiotensin II and Aldosterone promote the urinary reabsorption of Na+ and Cl- (as well as water, by osmosis) when dehydrated.
  • Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) promote excretion of Na+ and Cl- followed by water excretion to decrease blood volume.
57
Q

how much water is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule

A
  • 80% of the water is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule – this is through active reabsorption of solutes
58
Q

what is variable reabsorption

A
  • Variable reabsorption (collecting duct)– depending on individual water balance and status (aldosterone and ADH level) this is where the aquaporins are
  • This is depending on relative presence or absence of aqauporins and Na+/H+ pumps in the kidneys (related to ADH/aldosterone levels)
59
Q

what is the normal value for urine osmolarity

A

• 24 hour urine osmolality should average between 500
and 800 mOsm/Kg
• Random urine osmolality should be 50 to 1400 mOsm/Kg
• After 12-14 hours of fluid intake restriction, urine osmolality should be greater than 800mOsm/Kg= Base for water deprivation test

60
Q

what are failures of body fluid balance

A

dehydration
water intoxication
oedema

61
Q

when does dehydration happen

A

If the water intake is insufficient to cover water loss over a long period of time, water is lost from the plasma and the ISF. This can lead to weight loss, fever and confusion.

62
Q

what is water intoxication

A
  • this is when too much water is drunk too fast or complete blockage of urine production this leads to dilation of the body fluids
63
Q

how does water intoxication lead to death

A
  • the sodium in ECF is reduced
  • this causes osmotic shift of water into the cell
  • this leads to cell swelling
  • this is dangerous in the brain where swelling can cause convulsions, coma and death
64
Q

what are the 4 causes of oedema

A
  1. increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
  2. loss of plasma proteins - due to severe malnutrition
  3. obstruction to lymphatic system
  4. increased capillary permeability

Metabolism (26 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions