Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Metabolism > Gut Health > Flashcards

Gut Health Flashcards

1
Q

what is the role of the GI tract

A
  • Intake of food e.g. nutrients, for energy
  • Absorption of water
  • Removal of waste (by-products of digestion, indigestible components e.g. fibre, bacterial fermentation)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

where does sugar fat and protein digestion occur

A
  • Sugar breakdown and absorption occurs in the oral cavity quickly and rapidly
  • Fat is absorbed in the stomach from enzymes that come in the gallbladder
  • Proteins digestion happens in the stomach
  • Small intestine and large intestine breakdown all the remaining fat sugars and proteins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

sugar, fat and protein digestion occurs in ,,,

A

different regions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are the three parts that are used in digestion

A
  • enzyme
  • stomach acid
  • proteins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are the enzymes used in digestion

A
  • Mouth - amylase secreted in saliva
  • Stomach - pepsin
  • Pancreas - trysin, amylases & lipases
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

how much gastric acid is produced a day

A

2L day is produced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the stomach acid made out of

A 
- made out of gastric juice 
within gastric juice there is 
- HCL
- Salts 
- Pepsin 
- Mucus 
- water 
- intrinsic factor 
- bicarbonate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what does the mucus do in the stomach acid

A

forms a gel layer over gastric epithelium this protects the epithelium and acts as a barrier preventing the breakdown of the cells in the gastric epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the intrinsic factor used in the stomach acid

A

critical for B12 absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what does the bicarbonate do in the stomach acid

A

maintains pH7 at gastric epithelium with mucosal gel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the role of bile salts in digestion

A
  • Secreted from hepatocytes and stored in gall bladder

- Promotes emulsification of fat into droplets – this means they turn large droplets of fats into nano droplets of fats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

how much water goes into the

  • stomach
  • small intestine
  • large intestine
A
  • In the stomach – lot of water required for hydrolysis, therefore 2L per day goes into the stomach
  • In small intestine 8L of water is absorbed
  • In the large intestine 0.5L of water is absorbed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

how many enteric neurones re there

A

400-600

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

where is the enteric nervous system

A
  • it is within the GI tract

- extensors from the oesophagus to the rectum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

describe the enteric nerve connection to the vagus nerve

A
  • Vagal pathway – critical for digestion, motility and important for mechanisms such as pain
  • There is a connection between the GI tract and the brain via the vagus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the role of the enteric nervous system

A
  • Motility
  • Nutrient uptake
  • Hormone and enzyme release
  • Appetite regulation
  • Vascular flow
  • Immune cell activity – there is an neuroimmune communication, neuropeptide released from neurons can drive inflammation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is intrinsic innervation

A

this is communication within the gut
- - They do not communicate with other neurones outside the gut for example they do not communicate with neurones in the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

describe intrinsic innervation

A
  • Between the two longitudinal muscles and circular muscles is the myenteric plexus
  • The submucosal plexus is located beneath the mucosa, the submucosal plexus has a different role due to its location, it is very highly dense
  • The mucosa is in communication with epithelial cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is the role of the myenteric plexus

A

this is involved in contraction and relaxation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is the role of the submucosal plexus

A

involved in outside world such as regulating the microbiota, involved in secretion and nutrient uptake

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what are the two plexuses in the intrinsic nervous system

A

myenteric and submucosal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what do interneurones do

A
  • Interneurons allow connectivity between different type of neurones,
  • There are neurones between circular muslces and longitudinal muscles
  • Communication and co-ordination between neurones critical for normal GIT function
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is the extrinsic innervation of the gut

A

vagus nerve mediated communication between gut and CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what are the two innervations of the gut

A
  • intrinsic and extrinsic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

the vagus nerve is the….

A

longest cranial nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

describe the vagus nerve and the gut

A
  • the vagus nerve is How the gut and the brain communicate
  • Innervates GIT from mouth to transverse colon, it does not go all the way to the sigmoid and the rectum
  • Innervates 2/3 of the colon
  • Central terminals enter brain stem and synapse to neurones of the NTS (nuclesus tracturs solitarus)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what does the autonomic nervous system do in the gut

A
  • Pain, digestion, secretions is what the autonomic nervous system does
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what does the sympathetic nervous system do to the gut

A

prepares body for stressful responses (increases HR, release stored energy and decrease digestion)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what are the sympathetic ganglion that innervate the gut

A

– Celiac, Superior Mesenteric, Inferior Mesenteric ganglion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what is the pelvic nerve

A
  • Pelvic nerve innervates lower part of the colon, important for parasympathetic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

describe the gut microbiota

A

Largest microbial colony found in the colon

- it is critical in maintaining normal health as well as gut health

32
Q

what diseases is the gut microbiota linked to

A
  • Linked with obesity, inflammation and neurodegeneration
33
Q

different strains of microbiota…

A

can be dominant depending on diet

34
Q

what is decreased diversity within the microbiota associated with

A
  • poor health

- diverse microbiota is therefore critical for good health

35
Q

what do the microbiota communicate with

A
  • they communicate with the gut epithelium
36
Q

changing gut microbiota…

A

can chain brain microbiota which can lead to neurodegenerative diseases

37
Q

how does the gut microbiota chain brain microbiota

A
  • it can change the immune system

- - The Vagus nerve can respond to the microbiota environment and lead to changes in human behaviour

38
Q

what does faecal microbiota transfer aim to do

A
  • Aim to increase microbial diversity
39
Q

how does feaecal microbiota work

A
  • it uses Donors and super donors or artificially produced probiotics
  • Trial data - obesity phenotype is reversed by FMT from lean individual, FMT induces remission in ulcerative colitis patients
40
Q

what is faecal microbiota used in

A
  • Only approved for treatment of C.difficile infection following failure of antibiotic therapy
41
Q

describe clostridium difficile

A
  • Change stop the microbiome

- Found in 2-5% of the population and causes no symptoms

42
Q

what is clostridium difficile associated with

A
  • Associated with broad spectrum antibiotic usage, opportunistic over-growth
43
Q

what are the symptoms of clostridium difficile

A
  • Causes water diarrhoea and abdominal pain
44
Q

what is the treatment of clostridium difficile

A
  • Stop antibiotic use
  • Vancomycin or metronidazole
  • FMT (faecal microbiota transfer)
45
Q

what do probiotics do

A
  • Prebiotics promote growth and survival of bacteria (and fungi)
  • Stimulates production of Bifidobacterium & Lactobacillus
46
Q

what are probiotics presence in

A

• Non-digestible food ingredients
– Fructans
– Galactans
– Dietary fibres (inulin – asparagus, leek)
- Probiotics are live cultures found in dairy products (e.g. yogurt) or fermented foods (e.g. pickled vegetables and soy products)

47
Q

how is probiotics used for gut health

A
  • Role in maintaining normal microbial quorum required for healthy epithelium, ENS and immune cell activity
48
Q

what are common GI conditions

A
  • Abdominal pain, discomfort, bloating, constipation and gastroenteritis
  • Upper GI symptoms: acid reflux, nausea, vomiting, belching, gastroparesis and bloating
  • Lower GI symptoms: bloating, constipation, diarrhoea, abdominal pain
49
Q

how is Gastroesophageal reflux disease caused

A
  • Movement of stomach contents from the fundus into the distal oesophagus
  • Lower esophageal spinchter(LOS) is relaxed allowing passage of acid into the lower oesophagus
  • LOS is anatomical valve – usually closed
  • LOS is weaker and relaxed it causes symptoms of GERD
50
Q

How is Gastroesophageal reflux disease treated

A

Treated first with:
- OTC (antacids + alginates e.g. Gaviscon) produced protective layer over lumen
Prescription treatments:
- Proton Pump Inhibitors (block stomach acid production)

51
Q

what are the symptoms of Gastroesophageal reflux disease

A
  • Commonly associated with weight gain, gastroparesis and stress
  • Chronic condition that can lead to ulcer formation, inflammation and Barratt’s esophagus
  • Diagnosed usually by symptoms
52
Q

what is gastroparesis

A
  • Chronic condition that is characterised by delayed gastric emptying
  • Diabetic gastroparesis caused by neuropathy (damage to the neuroens)of vagal endings innervating the stomach
53
Q

what are the symptoms of gastroparesis

A
  • Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, rapid feeling of fullness, reflux, pain and bloating
  • Can lead to malnutrition (fill full quickly even though your not eating very much), formation of bezoars (hardened mass of undigested food), changes to blood sugar
54
Q

how do you diagnose Gastroparesis

A
  • Use a gastric emptying study
  • Pateitn given a meal C13 labeled meal is ingested
  • Released C13 is exhaled in breath and is used as marker of food movement through stomach
  • Time-course compared to normal values
55
Q

how do you treat Gastroparesis

A
  • Domperidone or erythromycin: stimulate stomach muscle contraction to help move the food through
  • Anti-emetics for nausea
  • Dietary changes e.g. smaller, more frequent meals, soft foods
56
Q

what are the two conditions that make up IBS

A

Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis

57
Q

what is the cause of IBS

A
  • Unknown cause – could be due to altered epithelial barrier integrity (leaky epithelium allowing pathogens through), changes to microbial quorum, gut-brain interactions e.g. cortisol released via stress mechanisms.
58
Q

describe Crohn’s disease

A
  • Chronic inflammatory condition that affects the whole of the GIT but is associated and often localised to the small bowel
  • Can be ileocolonic, colonic and ileum depending on area that is involved
  • Damage to epithelium and high levels of uncontrolled inflammation
59
Q

what are the symptoms of Crohn’s disease

A
  • Diarrhoea
  • Abdominal pain
  • Fatigue
  • Fever
  • Blood in stool
60
Q

what does Crohn’s disease lead to

A
  • Changes to bowel epithelium resulting in scarring
  • Scarring and changes to epithelium can can bowel obstruction (can be fatal if untreated)
  • Ulcers (in mouth and perineum)
  • Fistulas (significant damage causing a ‘hole’ in bowel)
61
Q

how do you diagnose Crohn’s disease

A
  • Fecal calprotectin (>250μg/g)

- Colonscopy (assess area and degree of inflammation)

62
Q

what is the paediatric treatment for Crohn’s disease

A
  • Enteral nutrition for 4 weeks uses modulen
  • Replaces normal diet with a drink that contains all the nutrients that a child will drink
  • Promotes epithelial healing without side-effects of steroids (steroids can stunt growth)
63
Q

what is the adult treatment for Crohn’s disease

A
  • Corticosteroids - Prednisolone, Budenoside (short-term)
  • Azathioprine & mercaptopurine – commonly used IBD immunosuppressant
  • Biological therapies – antibodies that neutralise TNF (e.g. Infliximab, adalimumab)
64
Q

describe Ulcerative colitis

A
  • Chronic inflammatory condition that is restricted to the colon
  • Damage to colonic epithelium leading to ulcer-like appearance of mucosa
65
Q

what are the symptoms of Ulcerative colitis

A
  • Bloody diarrhoea
  • Urgency
  • Abdominal pain
  • Fatigue
  • Fever
  • Weight loss
66
Q

what can Ulcerative colitis lead to

A
  • Perforation of the colon (can be fatal)
  • Severe bleeding
  • Dehydration
  • Systemic inflammation
  • Colon cancer
67
Q

how is Ulcerative colitis diagnosed

A
  • Fecal calprotectin (>250μg/g)

- Colonscopy (assess area and degrees of inflammation)

68
Q

How is Ulcerative colitis treated

A

Mild/Moderate symptoms:
- 5-ASAs : Aminosalicylates (sulphasalazine, mesalazine) – these can be Oral, suppository or enema, this depends on ergency and where the inflammation is
- Corticosteroids - Prednisolone
Severe symptoms:
- Biological therapies – antibodies that neutralise TNF (e.g. Infliximab, adalimumab)
- Ciclosporin – IV
Surgery (colectomy) : remove diseased colon suffering from severe damage caused by long-term inflammation

69
Q

what is IBS a umbrella term for

A

Functional Gastrointestinal Diseases (FGIDs) where pathophysiology is unknown but with defined set of symptoms.

70
Q

what is the FGIDs in the upper GIT

A

functional GERD, functional dyspepsia, bloating, pain

71
Q

what are the FGIDs in the lower GIT

A

abdominal pain, cramping, constipation and diarrohea.

72
Q

how is IBS diagnosed

A
  • IBS is diagnosed using a ROME IV questionnaire after excluding all biolgical causes e.g. IBD, anemia, gastroenteritis etc., dependent on pain
73
Q

how is IBS caused by the gut brain axis

A
  • stress
  • Changes to microbiotia environment - Usually after Gastroenteritis
  • Autonomic nervous system, HPS axis and the gut,
74
Q

what are the causes of IBS

A
  • Lower GIT IBS symptoms often arise after gastroenteritis
  • Leaky gut epithelium?
  • Change to the microbiome quorum?
  • Increased sensitivity to pain (visceral hypersensitivity)
  • Abnormal activity of enteric neurons leading to changes in motility (diarrohea and constipation)
75
Q

what is the treatment of IBS

A

• Dietary control e.g. FODMAP diet – this reduces the intake of different types of sugars which elevates some symptoms
• Treat specific symptoms e.g. diarrhoea with loperamide, constipation with fibre/laxatives, anti-depressants (depression is comorbidity), pain medication (e.g. pregabalin)
• Specific IBS treatments:
– Linaclotide: increase fluid secretion and pain relief
– Lubiprostone: increase fluid secretion
– Rifaxim

Metabolism (26 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions