The German Reformation

Question 1

1517

Answer 1

95 theses nailed to Wittenberg Castle Church- God’s the only person who can forgive sins.

abide by canon laws

free from paying penalties when dead

challenges Johann Tetzel saying indulgences are useless and play no part in relieving sins

good deed= salvation

pope given benefit of the doubt claiming that he must be oblivious to the corruption that surrounds him

vulnerable people being exploited by indulgences

Question 2

1518

Answer 2

Diet of Augsburg- with Cardinal Cajetan who asked Luther to recant. Luther refused and argues that Pope has misinterpreted the scripture. Banished from Augsburg (‘recant or don’t ever return’) and goes back to Wittenberg.

Question 3

1519

Answer 3

Leibzig Debate- with Eck= discussion about Luther’s similarities and resemblance to Huss. Luther proclaimed a heretic by comparing him to Huss. Luther expresses sympathy for Huss. Luther questions papal authority.

Question 4

1520

Answer 4

Pamphlets:

1. To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation- addressed to HRE, princes, dukes. Pleas for them to reform Church. ‘fire in the mayor’s house’ analogy shuldn’t have to ask authorities to put it out’. HRE= better than Pope. Church in crisis.
2. On the Babylonish Captivity of the Church- for intellectual reader and written in Latin. Babylonians took Jews into captivity for slavery, God said they’s be saved by true religion and return to Palestein. Denied 7 sacraments because only 3 + communion in both kinds. Consubstantiation.
3. The Liberty of a Christian Man- faith alone, priesthood of all believers, provoked peasant’s revolt, sola scriptura.

Papal Bull of excommunication but Luther burnt it

Question 5

1521

Answer 5

Friedrick the Wise offers Luther protection in Wartburg. ‘Here I stand, I can do no more; so help me God. Amen’. He’s declared an outlaw. Friedrick can no longer offer public support for Luther therefore secret protection.

Question 6

1522

Answer 6

Luther returns to Wittenberg. Carlstadt took over whilst Luther was in exile. Holy days abolished. Melancthon introduced communion of both kinds. Psalms in German. Luther’s teachings taken out of context to justify nationalism. Iconoclam taking place and studednts getting involved. Luther strongly opposed to the activities being carried out in his name.

Question 7

1524

Answer 7

Peasant’s War/ Luther’s Admonition to Peace. He seems sympathetic towards the peasants. Opposition to clergy. Insists/urges that they do not commit violence. He favours them because they seem to be willing to be set right.

Question 8

1525

Answer 8

Against teh Robbing and Murdering Hordes of Peasants- wholly critical of Peasants now. Claims that they lie. Condemns them for starting rebellions. Says that they are worthy of death which is badly timed because at this point the Princes are winning therfore seems like he approves of violence against peasants = malicious. 12 articles= political and social masked by Lutheranism. Luther compares them to devils.

Question 9

1526

Answer 9

Recess of Speyer- Ferdinand (Charles V’s brother) signed on behalf of Charles who was in Italy. Ferdinand wants support from Protestant Princes against Turks. Princes to have control of their areas.

League of Torgau- withstand Edict of Worms which outlawed Luther

League Regensburg- established in retatlaliation to uphlold Edict.

Question 10

1529

Answer 10

2nd Diet of Speyer/ Colloquy of Marburg- division amongst Lutherans so Charles- temporarily successful. Luther meets Zwingli to discuss Eucharist disagreement. Protest Speyer- 6 Lutheran princes + 14 cities opposed reinstatement of Edict of Worms signed. Protestant title derived from this.

Question 11

1530

Answer 11

Augsburg Confession- devised by Melancthon. Charles V wanted unity in Germany because threatened by Turks. Division amongst Protestans e.g. Luther and Zwingli. Differences betw. Lutheranism and Catholicism- sola fide, sacraments, church + state relationship, idolatry, new role of ministry. But agreed to hostility on anabaptists. Charles V rejects. Consubstantiation.

Question 12

1531

Answer 12

Schmalkaldic League - Johann Friedrick (ruler of Saxony) + Philip of Hesse. 7 princes + 14 cities declined conforming. Military and prepared to fight.

Question 13

1532

Answer 13

Peace of Nuremberg - treaty between Charles and Schmalkaldic League. Turkish invasion forces so Charles had to make peace with SL. Secret from Catholic powers.

Question 14

1545

Answer 14

Council of Trent - Northern Italy. Catholic church council and Charles V in secure position. Both against Luther’s sola fide.

Question 15

1546

Answer 15

Diet of Regensburg/Charles wages war - writes a letter to Philip. Agitated by protestants because they are uncompromising. Strong position to wage war because made truce with Turks and French were preoccupied. Assistance from Pope. LUTHER DIES.

Question 16

1547

Answer 16

Battle of Muhlberg - Catholics win - Wittenberg occupied. Philip of Hesse surrender and Johann of Saxony captured. Duke Maurice of Saxony gains elector’s land but not title because involved his army who fought the battle.

Question 17

1548

Answer 17

Augsburg Interim - Charles V compromises with Lutherans/ protestants. Council of clergy accepted as was communion of both kinds, double justification and marrid clergy. But still mainly Catholic agreements.

Question 18

1552

Answer 18

Treaty of Chambord - French support Lutherans for bishoprics of Metz, Toul and Verdun. Protestant princes and Henry II (France) make a treaty.

Peace of Passau - ends Princes’ War. Augsburg Interim abandoned.

Question 19

1555

Answer 19

Peace of Augsburg - ‘cuius regio, eius religio’ = ‘his territory, his religion’. Massive compromise that favoured protestants. Princes able to decide on religion of their territory. Lutheran cities had to provide Catholic churches as well. Any territory ruled by a bishop in 1552 had to remain Catholic. Ferdinand (Charles’ brother) signed it because too embarassing.