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Biology > The Gene > Flashcards

The Gene Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define Meiosis

A

The division of cells in the reproductive system.

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2
Q

What happens during meiosis?

A

The cell divides twice, producing four cells with half of the usual genetic information, on a random basis.

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3
Q

What is DNA?

A

The genetic coding of the body.

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4
Q

How is DNA stored?

A

In 46 individual chromosomes for each cell. These contain genes (glorified proteins).

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5
Q

Define allele

A

A variant or characteristic of a gene. For example, hair colour.

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6
Q

What is the term for a variant of a gene?

A

An allele.

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7
Q

What is the name for the division of cells in the reproductive system?

A

Meiosis.

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8
Q

Which letters combine in genes?

A

A+T, and G+C.

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9
Q

Define mitosis

A

Mitosis is the type of cell division that happens in most of the body

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10
Q

Define chromosone

A

The carrier of genetic information. It is made up of DNA

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11
Q

How are chromosones found?

A

In pairs

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12
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes do we have?

A

23

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13
Q

What are chromosomes made up of?

A

Genes

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14
Q

What are genes?

A

The specific code (AT GC)

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15
Q

What are genes?

A

Strings of protein

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16
Q

What is the purpose of mitosis?

A

Growth, repairing, and replacement

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17
Q

Describe the process of mitosis

A

DNA splits to form two copies of each chromosone
Chromosomes line up along the edge of a cell
The cell splits
The cytoplasm and cell membranes divide to form two identical cells

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18
Q

What are the cells resulting from mitosis called?

A

Daughter cells

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19
Q

What is cancer?

A

Uncontrollable mitosis

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20
Q

What is the name for chemicals that could cause cancer?

A

Carcinogens

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21
Q

How do carcinogens cause cancer?

A

By damaging DNA and causing mutations

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22
Q

What are the two factors in developing cancer?

A

Lifestyle factors and environmental factors

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23
Q

Give two examples of lifestyle factors relating to cancer

A
  • Chemicals in cigarette smoke

- Alcohol intake

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24
Q

Give two examples of environmental factors in cancer

A
  • Exposure to radiation

- Exposure to chemical carcinogens from smoke

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25
Q

What is the name for a sex cell?

A

A gamete

26
Q

Define a zygote

A

A fertilised egg cell

27
Q

What are the gametes in plant cells?

A

Pollen and eggs

28
Q

Describe the process of meiosis

A
  • Copies of the genetic information are made

- The cell divides twice so each cell only has one set of chromosomes

29
Q

Take a look at this :)

A
30
Q

What are stem cells?

A

Cells which haven’t undergone differentiation

31
Q

Where can adult stem cells be found?

A

In the brain, blood and heart

32
Q

Are adult stem cells more limited?

A

Yes

33
Q

When are stem cells used?

A

For type one diabetes, for multiple sclerosis, and for spinal chord injury

34
Q

Sorry admire this again

A
35
Q

Where does cell division happen in plants?

A

In meristems

36
Q

Where are the main meristems?

A

Near the top of the shoot

37
Q

What shape does DNA take?

A

A double helix

38
Q

Where are chromosonmes?

A

In a cell’s nucleus

39
Q

What are chromosones?

A

Long threads of DNA

40
Q

What is a genotype?

A

A collection of alleles

41
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

The physical representation of a genotype

42
Q

How are dominant alleles represented?

A

With a capital letter

43
Q

When is a recessive allele represented?

A

If the person only has recessive genes

44
Q

What are homozygous alleles?

A

AA or aa

45
Q

What are heterozygous alleles?

A

Aa

46
Q

What is the backbone of DNA made up of?

A

Sugar and phosphate

47
Q

What are bases in DNA?

A

Paired chemicals (TAGC)

48
Q

What do TAGC stand for?

A

T - thymine
A - adenine
G - guanine
C - cytosine

49
Q

read thiss

A
50
Q

What is the sequence of an amino acid determined by?

A

The triplet code - a code of three bases

51
Q

What are 22 of the 23 pairs of chromosomes known as?

A

Autosomes - they control characteristics

52
Q

Which chromosomes do men have?

A

XY - they are incomplete hehe

53
Q

What’s the term for when we analyse DNA?

A

Genetic profiling

54
Q

How do we do genetic profiling?

A

By cutting a sample of DNA into fragments and separating said fragments by size

55
Q

When do we use genetic profiling?

A

To solve crimes or determine parenthood

56
Q

How do you produce a DNA fingerprint?

A
57
Q

Give two advantages and two disadvantages of DNA profiling

A

Adv - Very reliable, used to determine genetic disorders early
Dis - Invasion of privacy? Theft of DNA has unknown potentials

58
Q

What does genetic engineering involve?

A

Taking genes from one organism and putting them in another

59
Q

What do we use genetic engineering for?

A

To create crops that can produce their own insecticide or that have advantages for the climate

60
Q

What are the negatives of GM crops?

A

They can be monopolised or spread without control

Biology (10 decks)

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