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Biology > Kidneys > Flashcards

Kidneys Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the functions of kindeys?

A

To regulate water content in the blood and remove toxic waste from the metabolism

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2
Q

What blood vessels are the kidneys placed on?

A

On the right, the renal artery, on the left the renal vein

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3
Q

What carries urine from the kidneys to the bladder?

A

The ureter

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4
Q

What is urea?

A

The nitrogenous waste product from breaking down protein which is excreted in urine

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5
Q

What does the renal artery branch off?

A

The aorta

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6
Q

What is urine expelled through?

A

The urethra

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7
Q

Where does purified blood return to the cycle?

A

Through the renal vein

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8
Q

What is the kidney packed with?

A

Nephrons

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9
Q

Where are the nephrons?

A

They start in the cortex of the kidney and loop down into the medulla and back to the cortex

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10
Q

What does the nephron do?

A

It regulates the level of water and salts and removes urea from the blood

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11
Q

Appreciate this :)

A
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12
Q

What is the bowman’s capsule?

A

A part of the nephron - a cup like structure which surrounds the capillary knot

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13
Q

How is high pressure in the capillary knot created?

A

By the diameter of the capillary leaving the knot being narrower than the capillary entering

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14
Q

What does pressure in the capillary knot result in?

A

Ultrafiltration, where salts, water, glucose and other small molecules pass out of the capillary knot into the bowman’s capsule

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15
Q

Which things are too big for ultrafiltration?

A

Proteins and blood cells

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16
Q

What is the rest of the tubule responsible for?

A

The selective reapsorbtion of glucose, some salts, and lots of water.

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17
Q

What is the collecting duct responsible for?

A

The selective reabsorption of water and sending urine to the ureter

18
Q

What does ADH stand for and what is it?

A

Anti diuretic hormone and it’s anti weeing hormone

19
Q

What is water in the blood controlled by?

A

ADH

20
Q

What is the release of ADH from a gland in the brain controlled by?

A

Blood plasma concentration

21
Q

What can the concentration of blood be altered by?

A
  • Excess drinking
  • Excess sweating
    • Consumption of salty foods
22
Q

Which gland releases ADH?

A

The pituitary gland

23
Q

What is the release of ADH?

A

A negative feedback mechanism

24
Q

How is diabetes diagnosed?

A

If there is glucose in the urine

25
Q

What does protein in the urine suggest?

A

Damage in the kidney

26
Q

What do people with kidney damage need to do to clear their blood?

A

Dialysis

27
Q

What are the positives of dialysis

A
  • It can keep a patient alive whilst they are waiting for a suitable donor to be found
  • It does not involve major surgery
28
Q

What are the disadvantages of dialysis?

A
  • Patients need to follow a carefully controlled diet.
  • Patients need to spend many hours every week attached to a dialysis machine.
  • Dialysis machines are very expensive.
    • Dialysis will only be successful for a certain amount of time.
29
Q

Where are donor kidneys connected?

A

Near the bladder

30
Q

What is the most major problem with a transplant?

A

Rejection

31
Q

What drugs do people with transplants need to take?

A

Immunosuppresant

32
Q

Which people are most likely to have similar tissue types?

A

Family

33
Q

What are the advantages of kidney transplants?

A
  • Once the transplant has occurred the patient no longer has diet restrictions.
  • Long periods of time on dialysis are no longer necessary.
  • Although not a life-long cure, a kidney transplant will generally allow the patient to live a fuller life for longer than a patient on dialysis.
34
Q

What are the disadvantages of kidney transplants?

A
  • It is difficult to find a donor organ with a matching tissue type.
  • The risk of organ rejection.
  • Having to take drugs which suppress the immune system, leaving the patient susceptible to contracting other diseases.
  • Regular doctors’ appointments to detect signs of organ rejection.
  • Major surgery is required.
35
Q

What happens during dialysis?

A

Blood is removed from the patient and flows into the dialyzer where it is kept separated from dialysis fluid by a partially permeable membrane.

36
Q

What does the dialysis fluid contain?

A

The same concentration of glucose and salts as normal blood plasma so there is no net movement of glucose out of the blood by diffusion

37
Q

What happens to excess salt in the bloodstream?

A

It diffuses into the dialysis fluid

38
Q

What happens to urea in the bloodstream during dialysis?

A

Because dialysis fluid contains no urea, almost all the urea diffuses into the dialysis fluid

39
Q

How are concentration gradients maintained during dialysis?

A

Using a counter current system - bloodstream and dialysis flowing in opposite directions

40
Q

What happens after dialysis?

A

The clean blood is returned to the patient and the waste dialysis fluid is disposed of

Biology (10 decks)

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