Kidneys

Question 1

What are the functions of kindeys?

Answer 1

To regulate water content in the blood and remove toxic waste from the metabolism

Question 2

What blood vessels are the kidneys placed on?

Answer 2

On the right, the renal artery, on the left the renal vein

Question 3

What carries urine from the kidneys to the bladder?

Answer 3

The ureter

Question 4

What is urea?

Answer 4

The nitrogenous waste product from breaking down protein which is excreted in urine

Question 5

What does the renal artery branch off?

Answer 5

The aorta

Question 6

What is urine expelled through?

Answer 6

The urethra

Question 7

Where does purified blood return to the cycle?

Answer 7

Through the renal vein

Question 8

What is the kidney packed with?

Answer 8

Nephrons

Question 9

Where are the nephrons?

Answer 9

They start in the cortex of the kidney and loop down into the medulla and back to the cortex

Question 10

What does the nephron do?

Answer 10

It regulates the level of water and salts and removes urea from the blood

Question 11

Appreciate this :)

Answer 11

Question 12

What is the bowman’s capsule?

Answer 12

A part of the nephron - a cup like structure which surrounds the capillary knot

Question 13

How is high pressure in the capillary knot created?

Answer 13

By the diameter of the capillary leaving the knot being narrower than the capillary entering

Question 14

What does pressure in the capillary knot result in?

Answer 14

Ultrafiltration, where salts, water, glucose and other small molecules pass out of the capillary knot into the bowman’s capsule

Question 15

Which things are too big for ultrafiltration?

Answer 15

Proteins and blood cells

Question 16

What is the rest of the tubule responsible for?

Answer 16

The selective reapsorbtion of glucose, some salts, and lots of water.

Question 17

What is the collecting duct responsible for?

Answer 17

The selective reabsorption of water and sending urine to the ureter

Question 18

What does ADH stand for and what is it?

Answer 18

Anti diuretic hormone and it’s anti weeing hormone

Question 19

What is water in the blood controlled by?

Answer 19

ADH

Question 20

What is the release of ADH from a gland in the brain controlled by?

Answer 20

Blood plasma concentration

Question 21

What can the concentration of blood be altered by?

Answer 21

• Excess drinking
• Excess sweating
  
  • Consumption of salty foods

Question 22

Which gland releases ADH?

Answer 22

The pituitary gland

Question 23

What is the release of ADH?

Answer 23

A negative feedback mechanism

Question 24

How is diabetes diagnosed?

Answer 24

If there is glucose in the urine

Question 25

What does protein in the urine suggest?

Answer 25

Damage in the kidney

Question 26

What do people with kidney damage need to do to clear their blood?

Answer 26

Dialysis

Question 27

What are the positives of dialysis

Answer 27

* It can keep a patient alive whilst they are waiting for a suitable donor to be found * It does not involve major surgery

Question 28

What are the disadvantages of dialysis?

Answer 28

* Patients need to follow a carefully controlled diet. * Patients need to spend many hours every week attached to a dialysis machine. * Dialysis machines are very expensive. * Dialysis will only be successful for a certain amount of time.

Question 29

Where are donor kidneys connected?

Answer 29

Near the bladder

Question 30

What is the most major problem with a transplant?

Answer 30

Rejection

Question 31

What drugs do people with transplants need to take?

Answer 31

Immunosuppresant

Question 32

Which people are most likely to have similar tissue types?

Answer 32

Family

Question 33

What are the advantages of kidney transplants?

Answer 33

* Once the transplant has occurred the patient no longer has diet restrictions. * Long periods of time on dialysis are no longer necessary. * Although not a life-long cure, a kidney transplant will generally allow the patient to live a fuller life for longer than a patient on dialysis.

Question 34

What are the disadvantages of kidney transplants?

Answer 34

* It is difficult to find a donor organ with a matching tissue type. * The risk of organ rejection. * Having to take drugs which suppress the immune system, leaving the patient susceptible to contracting other diseases. * Regular doctors' appointments to detect signs of organ rejection. * Major surgery is required.

Question 35

What happens during dialysis?

Answer 35

Blood is removed from the patient and flows into the dialyzer where it is kept separated from dialysis fluid by a **partially permeable** membrane.

Question 36

What does the dialysis fluid contain?

Answer 36

The same concentration of glucose and salts as normal blood plasma so there is no net movement of glucose out of the blood by diffusion

Question 37

What happens to excess salt in the bloodstream?

Answer 37

It diffuses into the dialysis fluid

Question 38

What happens to urea in the bloodstream during dialysis?

Answer 38

Because dialysis fluid contains no urea, almost all the urea diffuses into the dialysis fluid

Question 39

How are concentration gradients maintained during dialysis?

Answer 39

Using a counter current system - bloodstream and dialysis flowing in opposite directions

Question 40

What happens after dialysis?

Answer 40

The clean blood is returned to the patient and the waste dialysis fluid is disposed of