The Gallipoli Campaign

Question 1

When?

Answer 1

Feb 1915 - Jan 1916

Question 2

Where?

Answer 2

Gallipoli Peninsula & Dardanelles Strait

Question 3

who VS who

Answer 3

B, F, ANZAC VS Turkey

Question 4

What does ANZAC stand for?

Answer 4

Australian & New Zealand Army Corps

Question 5

Who are the 4 key ppl?

Answer 5

• Lord Kitchner
• Sir Ian Hamilton
• Winston Churchill
• Mustafa Kemal Ataturk

Question 6

Who was Sir Ian Hamilton? (2)

Answer 6

• commanded the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force
• commanded the Gallipoli campaing

Question 6

Who was Lord Kitchner? (2)

Answer 6

• B war minister
• appointed Hamilton to command

Question 7

Who was Winston Churchill? (2)

Answer 7

• First Lord of Admiralty
• the initiator of the Gallip. campagin

Question 8

What was the o.g plan? (3 steps)

Answer 8

1) sweep through the Dardanelles Strait w/ B & F Battleships
2) attack Constantinople
3) drive Turkey out of war

Question 8

Who was Mustafa Kemal Ataturk? (3)

Answer 8

• lieutenant commander
• in charge of the Ottoman Emp.
• the future founding father of Turkish Rep

Question 9

Where was the Dardanelles Strait situated?

Answer 9

between the Aegan Sea & Sea of Marmara

Question 10

Why did the Gallip. camp. take place?

Answer 10

casualties were increasing of the W. Front (1915)
= began to look for another way to gain a breakthrough in the war

Question 11

What were the main aims? (2)

Answer 11

• SUPPLY RUSSIA through Black Sea ports
• Break the stalemate on W.Front by DRAWING IN G FORCES to support its weaker ally, T = send troops

Question 12

Mini context:

Answer 12

• Oct 1914: T joined forces w/ G & Austria-H
  –> as T controlled the Dardanelles Strait, which connected the Med Sea to the Black Sea, B could no longer send supplies to Russia = BLOCKADE

Question 13

The estimated results (3 steps)

Answer 13

1) Open a sea route to the R front & be able to supply them
2) open a new front
= allies could march across the Balkans & attack G’s main ally Aus-H
3) divert troops away from R front
= RELIEVE PRESSURE on R forces

Question 14

Why did the plan seem attractive? (2)

Answer 14

• B had the most POWERFUL NAVY in the world
• Otto Emp. was considered as the ‘Sick Man of Europe’
  –> was in decline for more than 2 centuries = weak

Question 15

When was the 1st attempt?

Answer 15

18 March 1915

Question 16

What did the Allies do on the 1st attempt

Answer 16

entered the Dard. Strait = was a massive FAIL

Question 17

Why was the 1st attempt a fail?

Answer 17

3 Battlecruisers had been sunk by T shore batteries & sea mines

Question 18

How did B feel after the fail of the 1st attempt?

Answer 18

threatened / felt like it was too risky

Question 19

What did the B demand for after the 1st attempt?

Answer 19

demanded to fall back & regroup
= decided to launch a LAND INVASION !!

Question 20

When was the 2nd attempt?

Answer 20

25 April 1915

Question 21

Where did the ANZAC land?

Answer 21

a place now called the ANZAC cove

Question 21

What happened when they tried to do the 2nd attempt?

Answer 21

ANZAC & B forces landed in diff places = MISCOMMUNICATION

Question 22

Where did B land?

Answer 22

Helles cove

Question 22

How many deaths caused the invasion of Turkey near ANZAC

Answer 22

20,000

Question 23

What were the new aims? (3)

Answer 23

- advance inland - secure higher ground - clear Turks off of Peninsula

Question 24

What did everyone eventually do?

Answer 24

DIG TRENCHES

Question 25

Summer 1915 (5)

Answer 25

- awful conditions - decaying corpses were ROTTING - many unburied corpses = DISEASES - limited water supply - Flies would go on food = DYSENTERY

Question 26

Winter 1915 (4)

Answer 26

- new pb: FROSTBITES - mud, snow, freezing conditions - 16,000 cases - 300 deaths

Question 27

24 May 1915

Answer 27

there was a 1 day truce to burry bodies

Question 27

Was there any prospect of success?

Answer 27

Nope - they had to RETREAT --> they left the trenches secretly & quietly = success

Question 28

Why was the Gallip. camp. a failure? (TOAST)

Answer 28

Turkish Army poor Organisation the plan was too Ambitious lack of Surprise lack of Tactical support

Question 29

Failures: Turkish Army (2)

Answer 29

- T defence UNDERESTIMATED - were well-prepared + better knowledge of terrain

Question 30

Failures: Poor Organisation (3)

Answer 30

- underestimated the T - LANDINGS WERE NOT PRACTISED = disaster - used OUT-OF DATE MAPS

Question 31

Failures: The plan was too Ambitious (2)

Answer 31

- had little chances of success - highly unlikely that T & Aus-H would get out of war

Question 32

Failures: Lack of Surprise (2)

Answer 32

- the earlier naval attempt lost the element of surprise - T were waiting for them

Question 33

Failures: Lack of Tactical Support (3)

Answer 33

- not much support for the campaign - commanders didn't give much aid or release armed forces from W. front - LACK OF ORDERS

Question 33

What was a success? (2)

Answer 33

- the evacuation --> thousands saved --> no deaths - B managed to destroy 7 Turkish naval vessels

Question 34

What were the failures? (5)

Answer 34

- the naval campaign - landings - failed to relieve pressure on R --> contributed to B Rev of 1917 - T was not knocked out of war - half of the 41,000 Allied troops dead