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lbbbi12 > THE FUNGI & LICHENS > Flashcards

THE FUNGI & LICHENS Flashcards

1
Q

Lichens occur in three general growth forms:

A

foliose
crustose
fruticose

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2
Q

symbiosis of algae or cyanobacteria living among filaments of multiple fungi species

are traditionally grouped based on these vegetative growth forms.

may reproduce both sexually and asexually.

A

Lichens

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3
Q

leaf-like thallus

A

foliose

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4
Q

crust-like thallus

A

crustose

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5
Q

with an erect or pendant, usually much branched thallus with tissues that tend to form cylinders
but may also be flattened

A

fruticose

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6
Q

Sexual reproduction is carried out through the formation of _____ depending on the fungal component of the lichen

A

ascocarp or basidiocarp

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7
Q

Hence, lichens may further be described as ______ based on their fruiting bodies.

A

ascolichen or basidiolichen

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8
Q

They are hard to the touch and each has an outer layer of cortex-like
tissue, enclosing an inner layer consisting of loosely packed hyphae and algal cells. They are narrowed at the base and quite easily become detached. the short, sometimes branched outgrowths of the surface of the thallus are usually colored red, black, brown, green or orange. lichens

A

ISIDIA

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9
Q

consist of a few photobionts enveloped by a loose, spherical
mantle of hyphae in lichens. powdery

They are formed by the proliferation of the medulla and algal cells and may occur diffusely on the surface of the thallus

A

Soredia

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10
Q

delimited areas that produce soredia

A

soralia

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11
Q

Soredia bearing lichen

A

Ramalina nervulosa

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12
Q

ISIDIA bearing lichen

A

Cladonia sp

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13
Q

fruticose lichen

A

Cladonia sp, Ramalina. Nervulosa

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14
Q

foliose lichen

A

Parmelia

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15
Q

five divisions,of fungi

A

Chrytridiomycota (chytrids), Zygomycota (zygote fungi),
Glomeromycota (arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi), Ascomycota (sac fungi) and Basidiomycota (club fungi).

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16
Q

All fungi lacking or at least with yet to be known sexual reproduction have been traditionally lumped into a group called

A

Deuteromycota (imperfect fungi)

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17
Q

They have chitinous cell wall and form spores as reproductive structures. They are achlorophyllous and lack any plastid. They digest food outside their bodies and release enzymes (exoenzymes) into the surrounding environment, breaking down organic matter into a form they can absorb. This makes them very important decomposers of organic materials. While majority are opportunistic
saprobes (or decomposers), other fungi live as parasites or symbionts of other organisms.

A

fungi

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18
Q

multicellular filaments

A

hyphae

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19
Q

hyphae thathave septa or cross-walls within the cells

A

Septate hyphae

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20
Q

lack these cross-walls and the cells are continuous, i.e. one-large branched cytoplasm with many nuclei

A

Nonseptate hyphae

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21
Q

A connected mass of hyphae

This makes–up the thallus, the fungal vegetative body.

A

mycelium

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22
Q

Certain fungi grow in association with green algae or cyanobacteria

A

lichen

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23
Q

Most species grow as molds on bread, fruits or rootcrops causing them to rot on storage. Some occur as parasites or symbionts of animals. The hyphae are coenocytic, with septa found only where reproductive cells are formed. repdocues both asexually and sexual

A

Division Zygomycota (zygote fungi)

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24
Q

the photobiont (green algae or cyanobacteria) synthesizes carbohydrates and other food substances while the mycobiont (fungal partner) absorbs and provides moisture. These mycobionts, which are either sac or club fungi, are obligate symbionts whereas the photobionts, are facultative symbionts frequently found independent of the
lichen symbiosis.

A

lichen

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25
Q

develop at the tips of the upright hyphae and may contain hundreds of haploid sporangiospores.

A

sporangia

26
Q

sporangia may contain hundreds of

A

haploid sporangiospores.

27
Q

If the mold consumes all its food or the environmental conditions deteriorate, it may reproduce

A

sexually.

28
Q

sexually reproducing zygomycota

A

Hyphae from opposite mating types unite and form zygosporangia which are resistant to environmental
extremes. Mating types possess different chemical markers but may appear identical. When conditions
improve, the zygosporangia germinate into new mycelia.

29
Q

behave as roots, anchoring the fungus into its substrate, releasing digestive enzymes, and absorbing nutrients for the fungus

A

rhizoids

30
Q

are special horizontal strands of hyphae connecting the fungal bodies

A

Stolons

31
Q

are upright growing hyphae which bear sporangia at their tips.

A

Sporangiophores

32
Q

Certain compatible hyphae form zygosporangium containing a thick-walled resting spore called

A

zygospore

33
Q

is suspended on both sides of these hyphae with suspensor cells.

A

zygosporangium

34
Q

This is the most diverse group of fungi with approx. 65,000 known species from a wide range of marine,
freshwater and terrestrial habitats. The group is defined by the production of sexual spores (ascospores) in
saclike asci (sing. ascus).

A

Division Ascomycota (sac fungi)

35
Q

, ascomycetes develop fruiting bodies called
during sexual stage

A

ascocarps

36
Q

Most common forms of ascocarp

A

apothecium, cleistothecium and perithecium

37
Q

Most common forms of ascocarp
are stalked and either disc-like, saucer-shaped, or cup-shaped with exposed asci.

A

Apothecia

38
Q

Most common forms of ascocarp
spherical and must rupture or disintegrate to release their ascospores.

A

Cleistothecia

39
Q

are globular or flask-shaped with an apical opening for discharge of ascospores.

A

Perithecia

40
Q

Ascomycetes reproduce asexually by producing asexual spores called

A

conidia

41
Q

conidia are formed externally at the tips of specialized hyphae, called the

A

conidiophores

42
Q

Ascomycetes include both unicellular
and filamentous species.

A

true

43
Q

for ascomycota, filaments are septate and become dikaryotic (i.e. each cell of the filament
contains two separate haploid nuclei) after plasmogamy or fusion of the hyphae from different mating types.

A

true

44
Q

unicellular ascomycete, used in the production of various food stuff, wines and beers. The cells are globose and ellipsoid to elongate in shape.

A

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

45
Q

Saccharomyces cerevisiae reproduction

A

Multilateral (multipolar) budding is typical, producing blastoconidia or blastospores

46
Q

form globose ascospores in asci, which do not rupture at maturity.

A

yeast

47
Q

Each yeast ascus contains_____
ascospores.

A

1-4

48
Q

a cup fungus that produces apothecium usually attached on decaying wood. ascomycete

A

Peziza

49
Q

shows a mycelium constructed of loose dikaryotic hyphae underneath, with tightly packed spore
producing structures (called asci) on top.

A

Peziza

50
Q

fertile layer consisting of asci

A

hymenium

51
Q

sexual spores within asci

A

ascopores

52
Q

thin layer of interwoven hyphae immediately below
the hymenium of an apothecium

A

hypothecium

53
Q

outer layer of the apothecium

A

ectal excipulum

54
Q

inner layer of the apothecium

A

medullary excipulum

55
Q

form long chains of conidia at the tip of phialides
organization of the phialides at the tips of the conidiophores is very typical. They form brush-like clusters
which are also referred to as “penicilli”

A

Penicillium

56
Q

conidia (2.5-5μm in diameter) are round, unicellular, and
appear like unbranching chains at the tips of the phialides.

A

Penicillium

57
Q

are flask-shaped structures carried on secondary branches (metulae) that form on conidiophores.

A

phialides

58
Q

form long chains of conidia at the tip of phialides

conidiophores originate from the basal foot cell located on the supporting hyphae and
terminate in a vesicle

A

Aspergillus

59
Q

is the typical formation for the genus Aspergillus

A

Vesicle

60
Q

Covering the surface of
the vesicle entirely (“radiate” head) or partially only at the upper surface (“columnar” head) are the flask
shaped phialides which are either uniseriate and attached to the vesicle directly or are biseriate and
attached to the vesicle via a supporting cell, metula Over the phialides are the round conidia (2-5 μm in diameter) forming radial chains.

A

Aspergillus

lbbbi12 (8 decks)

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