THE FUNGI & LICHENS

Question 1

Lichens occur in three general growth forms:

Answer 1

foliose
crustose
fruticose

Question 2

symbiosis of algae or cyanobacteria living among filaments of multiple fungi species

are traditionally grouped based on these vegetative growth forms.

may reproduce both sexually and asexually.

Answer 2

Lichens

Question 3

leaf-like thallus

Answer 3

foliose

Question 4

crust-like thallus

Answer 4

crustose

Question 5

with an erect or pendant, usually much branched thallus with tissues that tend to form cylinders
but may also be flattened

Answer 5

fruticose

Question 6

Sexual reproduction is carried out through the formation of _____ depending on the fungal component of the lichen

Answer 6

ascocarp or basidiocarp

Question 7

Hence, lichens may further be described as ______ based on their fruiting bodies.

Answer 7

ascolichen or basidiolichen

Question 8

They are hard to the touch and each has an outer layer of cortex-like
tissue, enclosing an inner layer consisting of loosely packed hyphae and algal cells. They are narrowed at the base and quite easily become detached. the short, sometimes branched outgrowths of the surface of the thallus are usually colored red, black, brown, green or orange. lichens

Answer 8

ISIDIA

Question 9

consist of a few photobionts enveloped by a loose, spherical
mantle of hyphae in lichens. powdery

They are formed by the proliferation of the medulla and algal cells and may occur diffusely on the surface of the thallus

Answer 9

Soredia

Question 10

delimited areas that produce soredia

Answer 10

soralia

Question 11

Soredia bearing lichen

Answer 11

Ramalina nervulosa

Question 12

ISIDIA bearing lichen

Answer 12

Cladonia sp

Question 13

fruticose lichen

Answer 13

Cladonia sp, Ramalina. Nervulosa

Question 14

foliose lichen

Answer 14

Parmelia

Question 15

five divisions,of fungi

Answer 15

Chrytridiomycota (chytrids), Zygomycota (zygote fungi),
Glomeromycota (arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi), Ascomycota (sac fungi) and Basidiomycota (club fungi).

Question 16

All fungi lacking or at least with yet to be known sexual reproduction have been traditionally lumped into a group called

Answer 16

Deuteromycota (imperfect fungi)

Question 17

They have chitinous cell wall and form spores as reproductive structures. They are achlorophyllous and lack any plastid. They digest food outside their bodies and release enzymes (exoenzymes) into the surrounding environment, breaking down organic matter into a form they can absorb. This makes them very important decomposers of organic materials. While majority are opportunistic
saprobes (or decomposers), other fungi live as parasites or symbionts of other organisms.

Answer 17

fungi

Question 18

multicellular filaments

Answer 18

hyphae

Question 19

hyphae thathave septa or cross-walls within the cells

Answer 19

Septate hyphae

Question 20

lack these cross-walls and the cells are continuous, i.e. one-large branched cytoplasm with many nuclei

Answer 20

Nonseptate hyphae

Question 21

A connected mass of hyphae

This makes–up the thallus, the fungal vegetative body.

Answer 21

mycelium

Question 22

Certain fungi grow in association with green algae or cyanobacteria

Answer 22

lichen

Question 23

Most species grow as molds on bread, fruits or rootcrops causing them to rot on storage. Some occur as parasites or symbionts of animals. The hyphae are coenocytic, with septa found only where reproductive cells are formed. repdocues both asexually and sexual

Answer 23

Division Zygomycota (zygote fungi)

Question 24

the photobiont (green algae or cyanobacteria) synthesizes carbohydrates and other food substances while the mycobiont (fungal partner) absorbs and provides moisture. These mycobionts, which are either sac or club fungi, are obligate symbionts whereas the photobionts, are facultative symbionts frequently found independent of the
lichen symbiosis.

Answer 24

lichen

Question 25

develop at the tips of the upright hyphae and may contain hundreds of haploid sporangiospores.

Answer 25

sporangia

Question 26

sporangia may contain hundreds of

Answer 26

haploid sporangiospores.

Question 27

If the mold consumes all its food or the environmental conditions deteriorate, it may reproduce

Answer 27

sexually.

Question 28

sexually reproducing zygomycota

Answer 28

Hyphae from opposite mating types unite and form zygosporangia which are resistant to environmental extremes. Mating types possess different chemical markers but may appear identical. When conditions improve, the zygosporangia germinate into new mycelia.

Question 29

behave as roots, anchoring the fungus into its substrate, releasing digestive enzymes, and absorbing nutrients for the fungus

Answer 29

rhizoids

Question 30

are special horizontal strands of hyphae connecting the fungal bodies

Answer 30

Stolons

Question 31

are upright growing hyphae which bear sporangia at their tips.

Answer 31

Sporangiophores

Question 32

Certain compatible hyphae form zygosporangium containing a thick-walled resting spore called

Answer 32

zygospore

Question 33

is suspended on both sides of these hyphae with suspensor cells.

Answer 33

zygosporangium

Question 34

This is the most diverse group of fungi with approx. 65,000 known species from a wide range of marine, freshwater and terrestrial habitats. The group is defined by the production of sexual spores (ascospores) in saclike asci (sing. ascus).

Answer 34

Division Ascomycota (sac fungi)

Question 35

, ascomycetes develop fruiting bodies called during sexual stage

Answer 35

ascocarps

Question 36

Most common forms of ascocarp

Answer 36

apothecium, cleistothecium and perithecium

Question 37

Most common forms of ascocarp are stalked and either disc-like, saucer-shaped, or cup-shaped with exposed asci.

Answer 37

Apothecia

Question 38

Most common forms of ascocarp spherical and must rupture or disintegrate to release their ascospores.

Answer 38

Cleistothecia

Question 39

are globular or flask-shaped with an apical opening for discharge of ascospores.

Answer 39

Perithecia

Question 40

Ascomycetes reproduce asexually by producing asexual spores called

Answer 40

conidia

Question 41

conidia are formed externally at the tips of specialized hyphae, called the

Answer 41

conidiophores

Question 42

Ascomycetes include both unicellular and filamentous species.

Answer 42

true

Question 43

for ascomycota, filaments are septate and become dikaryotic (i.e. each cell of the filament contains two separate haploid nuclei) after plasmogamy or fusion of the hyphae from different mating types.

Answer 43

true

Question 44

unicellular ascomycete, used in the production of various food stuff, wines and beers. The cells are globose and ellipsoid to elongate in shape.

Answer 44

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Question 45

Saccharomyces cerevisiae reproduction

Answer 45

Multilateral (multipolar) budding is typical, producing blastoconidia or blastospores

Question 46

form globose ascospores in asci, which do not rupture at maturity.

Answer 46

yeast

Question 47

Each yeast ascus contains_____ ascospores.

Answer 47

1-4

Question 48

a cup fungus that produces apothecium usually attached on decaying wood. ascomycete

Answer 48

Peziza

Question 49

shows a mycelium constructed of loose dikaryotic hyphae underneath, with tightly packed spore producing structures (called asci) on top.

Answer 49

Peziza

Question 50

fertile layer consisting of asci

Answer 50

hymenium

Question 51

sexual spores within asci

Answer 51

ascopores

Question 52

thin layer of interwoven hyphae immediately below the hymenium of an apothecium

Answer 52

hypothecium

Question 53

outer layer of the apothecium

Answer 53

ectal excipulum

Question 54

inner layer of the apothecium

Answer 54

medullary excipulum

Question 55

form long chains of conidia at the tip of phialides organization of the phialides at the tips of the conidiophores is very typical. They form brush-like clusters which are also referred to as "penicilli"

Answer 55

Penicillium

Question 56

conidia (2.5-5μm in diameter) are round, unicellular, and appear like unbranching chains at the tips of the phialides.

Answer 56

Penicillium

Question 57

are flask-shaped structures carried on secondary branches (metulae) that form on conidiophores.

Answer 57

phialides

Question 58

form long chains of conidia at the tip of phialides conidiophores originate from the basal foot cell located on the supporting hyphae and terminate in a vesicle

Answer 58

Aspergillus

Question 59

is the typical formation for the genus Aspergillus

Answer 59

Vesicle

Question 60

Covering the surface of the vesicle entirely ("radiate" head) or partially only at the upper surface ("columnar" head) are the flask shaped phialides which are either uniseriate and attached to the vesicle directly or are biseriate and attached to the vesicle via a supporting cell, metula Over the phialides are the round conidia (2-5 μm in diameter) forming radial chains.

Answer 60

Aspergillus