The French Revolution and Napoleon Flashcards
modern nationalism
loyalty to the nation rather than to a monarch
institution
an organization that has a particular kind of work or purpose such as social classes, governments, churches, schools, etc.)
What was the immediate cause of the French Revolution
1)The Estate System,
2) Absolutism,
3) ideas stemming from the Enlightenment,
4) food shortages,
5) The American Revolution.
What are the 3 Ideals of the French Revolution
1) Liberty - opportunity, choice, voice
2) Equality - social, political and economic fairness
3) Fraternity - common goals for France and respect for the people of France (brotherhood)
How were the Church Reformed (3 ways)
1) The Church would now be controlled by the government,
2) bishops and priests would be elected by the people, not appointed by Church hierarchy. 3) 3) They became employees of the state.
What did Constitution of 1791 create? Why was it created
- Created limited monarchy of King Louis, now in Paris, and the
- Sparked by Louis and family trying to flee - escape effort broke trust of the people
- Sparked the Legislative Assembly ruling mostly alone - scared other European kings
-Threats of war, and brief war with Austria, led to radicalization of the French Revolution
- Paris Commune (popularly run city council) and “sans culottes”
Legislative Assembly making laws (affluent reps voted into power)
What was The Paris Commune
Angry citizens of Paris, protesting food shortages and early defeats in war, declare themselves a commune - a popularly run city council.
- Took the king prisoner and forces the legislative assembly to suspend the monarchy
The French Revolution becomes more radical and violent.
Who were Sans-Culottes (“without breeches”)
Viewed themselves as ordinary patriots - someone who loves their country and is willing to defend it
Believed all men were equal.
Despised the indulgent wealth of the bourgeoisie and the elite aristocrats.
Food should be taken from big landowners and grain-merchants and be given to small workshops.
They wanted a tax on the rich.
They called for a radical Republic based on Direct Democracy (universal male suffrage)
What was the Liberty Cap
The Liberty Cap becomes a symbol of the ideas of freedom and the pursuit of liberty.
Emigres
Nobles and aristocrats who fled France during the French Revolution.
The Girondin
Represented people outside Paris; moderates (want non-violent change)
The Mountain -Jacobin
represented the interests of radicals in Paris; radicals seeking a republic (want change at ANY cost -mainly the Jacobin club)
When was Louis XVI executed?
January 1873
What was the reign of terror?
(bloody, extreme time of revolution)
Democratic despotism
Democratically elected leaders act as dictators and tyrants.
The Committee of Public Safety
- committee of 12,
- Formed by the National Convention
-Given broad powers to defend France from domestic threats
Maximilien Robespierre (1758 - 1794)
- Leader of the Jacobins
- Believed in equality
- a Radical
- Became a dictator during the Reign of Terror
Republic of Virtue
- a democratic republic composed of good citizens.
- The Committee of Public Safety claimed that all the bloodshed was temporary and necessary to form a true “Republic of Virtue.”
When did the Reign of Terror end?
Robespierre goes to the guillotine and the Reign of Terror ends - July 28, 1794
The Directory
- An Attempt at Oligarchy (1795-1799)
-Political power comes back to the upper middle class.
-The government is corrupt and ineffective.
Who has the power during The Directory
Moderates, have power.
Who were the Political enemies of the Directory
conservatives and radicals.
During the French Revolution, a new order is established. What are the 3 values of the new order?
- Individual rights
- Representative institutions
- The concept of loyalty to the nation rather than to a monarch - modern nationalism
What were the long term causes of the French Revolution
1) Unfair practices of the Old Regime (social - The Three Estates, political and economic)
2) Inspiration from the ideas of the Enlightenment and the American Revolution
3) People are staving and desperate due to bad harvest- (Subsistence existence)
4) Bourgeoisie desire for equality (social, political & economic)
5) Oppression of Absolutism
