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HIST 130 > the french revolution > Flashcards

the french revolution Flashcards

1
Q

describe the first estate

A
  • clergy - 130,000
  • serving god and spiritual needs of the person
  • both poor and high end clergy
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2
Q

describe the second estate

A
  • nobility (350,000)
  • nobility of the sword: long standing status for their military service
  • nobility of the robe: ppl working in judicial administration
    • paying to get nobility status
  • range of wealth and importance
  • gives ppl status
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3
Q

describe the third estate

A
  • everyone else (27 mill)
  • wealthy business owners, professionals, educated, poor, peasants
    *
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4
Q

what do all 3 estates show about the ppl in them?

A
  • various wealth within states -> diff communities and identifications of interests
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5
Q

what influenced the financial crisis in france?

A

state had trouble paying off the money that it borrowed to fight wars

  • 7 years war: lots of money borrowed to rival the british navy
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6
Q

______ and ______ taxes no longer sufficient to solve problem. How did the taxation change?

A

Peacemeal and temporary

  • before, most tax base came from ppl in cities (exept nobles and clergy)
  • Now, the introduction of the key tax imposed a 5% tax on the nobility as well as on the cities
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7
Q

what was needed to reforming the state’s internal structure to have more control for a taxation system?

A

consistency in administration

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8
Q

who were the parlements?

A
  • courts of law
  • enforce rules of the state
  • responsible for taking royal decrees and approving them for applications in their regions
  • if king does something they dont like they can appeal it back to the king
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9
Q

how does louis the 16th try to make peace with the parlements?

A

tries to make a coherent national market and system BUT is limited by the economic reforms that be brings forth

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10
Q

what event happened when Louis the 16th was king that lead to major riots?

A

The harvest failure

  • due to bad wealther
  • price of bread rises rapidly in 1775
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11
Q

who was responsible for finances from 1776-1781

A

Jacques Necker

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12
Q

what did Jacques Necker do while he was responsible for finances in 1776-1781?

A
  • publishes budget in 1781
    • “state finances are healthy and budget problem is manegable”
  • BUT its all fiction
    • misrepresented numbers
    • presents money that is being borrowed as state revenue
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13
Q

who took over finacnes after Necker?

A

Charles alexandre de calonne 1783-87

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14
Q

what did calonne do while he was in charge of finances?

A
  • restores finances by reorganizing representation
    • ppl who live outside of paris have to participate in taxes
  • creates local assemblies for tax administrations
    • with elected representatives and everyone serving their dues to taxes
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15
Q

what was the calonne plan?

A

political and economic reform

  • abolition of internal customs and barriers on grain trade
  • fiscal reform
    • uniform land tax, no exceptions, provincial assemblies (applies to everyone)
  • plan endorsed by the assembly of notables
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16
Q

Discuss the assembly of notables

A
  • 144 notables that were hand picked by the crown to approve the calonne plan (mostly nobility and clergy)
  • notables reject the plan and refuse to authorise new tax reform
    • consults estates general
  • louis 16th agrees to call estates general
    • agrees to double representation for the 3rd estate
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17
Q

define desacrilization

A

the king no longer regarded as holy and beyond question

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18
Q

describe the political culture during Louis 16 time

A
  • grain shortages
    • grain sent abroad to initiate famine plot (done to control the state)
  • scandals in the royal household
    • children being arrested by police and put into orphanage
    • children disapearing from streets
    • louis has leprocy -> healing done by bathing in blood of children
  • marie antoinette
    • hapsburg monarch
    • relationships with other men and women
    • ally of austria and shipping gold there
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19
Q

calling on the estates general in 1789 still limits the opportunity for the 3rd estate and public opinoin

A

False

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20
Q

how did the public opinion influence the 3rd estate?

A
  • priviledged orders set them appart from the rest of the nation
    • all work being done by the 3rd estate
  • priviledged orders not entitled to representation
    • 3 estate doesnt need 1 and 2 estate -> they can function well enough on their own
  • up untill now the 3 estate accounted for nothing BUT not they are a nation
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21
Q

seiyes’s case for the 3 estate demands …

A
  • genuine representatives drawn from own ranks
  • representatives equal in number to those of other 2 states
  • votes should be counted by head rather than by order
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22
Q

the revolution begins with the _______

A

tennis court oath of june 20th 1789

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23
Q

describe the events that unfolded during the tennis court oath

A
  • vote by head rather than by order
  • take oath that they would not disban as an elected gorup
    • come together as national assembly to write a constitution for france
  • national assembly recognized by the king on june 27
  • 3 estate deputies recognized by the king
  • ppl begin the revolution has been won by the 3 estate
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24
Q

how was the revolution a landmark event?

A
  • ends divine right monarchy -> establishes political representation
    • shows you dont need monarchy -> other systems work even if its in the short run
  • rights of every man and citizen
  • rational organization of government, time, and space
    • rational organization results in good government
    • recognition of the world in a more scientific basis
    • recognition of time
      • giving months names with seasons
      • 10 day weeks
  • having consistent set of laws and administration throughout country
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25
Q

what was the significance of the tennis court oath of june 20

A
  • decleration of intent to turn france into a constitutional monarchy that represents all groups in the nation
  • creates agenda for what revolution is supposed to accomplish
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26
Q

describe the fear of the counter revolution in paris

A
  • the king seems reluctant to move the estates general to create a national assembly
  • dismisses his progressive ministers
  • moves troops outside of paris
  • seems like hes going to crush revolution
27
Q

Describe the fall of bastille of June 14 of july

A
  • attack on fortress of Bastille
  • seizure of Bastille
    • king decides to remove troops
  • louis accepts national assembly cuz of his failure to seize Bastille
28
Q

_____ of 1789 in the country side

A

the great fear

29
Q

what was the great fear of the country side

A
  • since harvests are ripening -> rumors that the king will send troops to attack any revolutionary person -> hiring Briggons to destroy crops to destroy revolution
  • paris concerned they are losing control of the country side
    • resolved by ensuring that the previous land dues to nobility will remove the feudal vestiges that existed in france
  • landlords destroying records that they owe
30
Q

describe the revolutionary politics

A
  • national assembly factions
  • action against the church
  • hostility of the king and nobility
  • louis 16 flight to Varennes 1791
31
Q

describe the actions against the church in 1790

A
  • church taxes not payed
  • nationalizing church property
    • draw on wealth that belong to the ppl and not the church
  • clergy become state employees
  • gov requries church to take oath to the constitution
32
Q

what resulted from Louis 16th flight to Varennes

A

the revolutionary war

33
Q

what happened in 1792

A

national assembly declared war on austria and prussia

  • mobilized country against external threats
34
Q

what was the event that ended the monarch?

A

the attack on Tuileries

35
Q

the revolutionary war influenced the creation of the marseillaise of 1792

A

true

36
Q

what do the lyrics of the Marseillaise signify?

A
  • defence against external threat
  • mobilizing force for french nationalism
  • symbol and tool for mobilization
  • demonstration of resistance to tyranny
37
Q

what was the levee en masse of 1793

A
  • mass conscription and domestic revolt
  • man power for french army
  • fighting external enimies and civil war too
38
Q

what is the committee of public safety?

A
  • elected committee trying to deal with crisis of revolution
  • defending terror in france
  • when existance of france is threatened -> committee must protect country
39
Q

Maximellien Robespierre and George Danton were responsible for the tennis court oath

A

False: the committee of public safety

40
Q

George Danton was responsible for administering terror.

A

False: he was against it -> got arrested and killed for being a traitor

Robespierre was responsible for administering terror

41
Q

explain the results of the terror used in the revolution

A
  • victims
    • mostly normal ppl killed who took arms against revolution
      • clergy and aristocrates only represetned 15% of those killed
    • large numbers of nobility killed
  • use of guillotine
    • humaine, effective, and equal for all
  • external and internal circumstances
    • external enemy more dangerous than internal -> easier to gather public support
  • fear of conspiracies__​
42
Q

how was the fear of conspiracies important?

A
  • most powerful mobilizing force for revolutionary violence
  • fear of violence pushes violence as a preventative or protective measure
43
Q

briefly discuss Napoleon’s past history

A
  • political allegiences with french revolution
  • in 1793 receives position of acting officer in french army
    • credited for removing british from toulon harbour
  • effective at using Artilery
  • becomes associated with political leaders in paris
  • uses whiff of grapeshot against royal rebels
  • coup against the directory -> the 18th Brumaire
44
Q

what is the 18th brumaire?

A
  • 1799
  • french revolutionary date for coup attempt
  • creates the consulate
    • gives executive power to napoleon and creates assemblies for consultation
    • napoleon most important of the ‘consoles’
  • turns his ‘first console’ for life to being Emperor
45
Q

list napoleons domestic policies

A
  • finances
  • state administration
  • education
  • religion
  • law reform
46
Q

Napoleon was unable to secure good financial administration for the french state

A

False

47
Q

list some important inventions of Napoleons with regards to finances

A
  • control over french currency
  • bank of france created in 1800
48
Q

describe Napoleon’s state administration

A
  • creates tax administration
  • no longer uses tax farms
  • makes union administrative units
  • system works based on merit
    • based on the education one received and the quality of service as a civil servent
49
Q

describe Napoleon’s education policies

A
  • education provided and funded by the state
  • quality of professional knowledge in the best interest of the entire country
  • creates professional schools
50
Q

Describe Napoleon’s religion policies

A
  • makes peace with the church
  • gives french state considerable autonomy and responsibility in managing how the church is run
  • clergy become employees of the state
51
Q

What was Napoleon’s biggest law reform impact?

A

the napoleonic code 1804

52
Q

describe the napoleonic code

A
  • 1804
  • civil and criminal code
  • uniform system of law that works for everyone
  • property rights become important
  • creates system of privilege and authority
    • women and children inferior to men
    • men control family and business affairs
  • creates a new nobility
    • service to state and military service
    • brings back status that was pre-existent in monarchy
53
Q

post 1802, napoleon was able to make peace with all major powers that france was against

A

true

54
Q

what event marked the key confrontation b/w the british and the french that would spark tensions for years to come?

A

Napoleon’s naval defeat at Trafalgar 1805

55
Q

b/w 1805-1806 Napoleon was victorious against the …

A

Austrians, Prussians, and Russians

56
Q

Napoleon was seen as the master of tactics in the 18th century

A

False. He was seen as the master of 18th century warfare

57
Q

The peninsular war was also known as the

A

spanish ulcer

58
Q

describe the events that occurred in the spanish ulcer. what issues did Napoleon face?

A
  • the spanish authorities, who originally decided to cooperate with france by enabling them to send their military through spain to reach portugal, changed their minds
  • the spanish see Napoleon as an outsider who is doing damage to their political and national standards
  • a gureilla warfare comences
    • this resulted in a grusesome war b/w the french and the spanish
  • this is refered to as the spanish ulcer because it was aggrivation for napoleon as they consistenly gave him problems
59
Q

Napoleon conqured europe by setting up french administrations. explain.

A
  • creates broad administrative units and consistent ones across europe
  • invades and controls several european nations under french rule
60
Q

How did Napoleon attempt to defeat britain?

A
  • impose british blockade on trade
  • allows producers in europe to ONLY shop in europe
  • tries to impose a continental blokade
    • BUT the british have a more powerful navy
    • Europeans demand british goods
    • french authorities eventually realise they need british goods
61
Q

How did Napoleon’s imperial overreach of Russia affect his dominance later on?

A
  • invades russia in 1812
  • they quickly retreat
    • non fully prepared for the harsh russian weather; overwealmed by russian forces and man power
  • His satellite countries are at risk ever since the defeat in Russia. The wars that the Europeans are fighting against napoleon are talked about in terms of national liberation. They are conveicing the way they are fighting as a national war. The issue of identity if emerging in Europe
62
Q

how does the invasion of russia begin talks about national liberation?

A

wars that the europeans are fighting against napoleon are being spoken of in terms of national liberation. the issue of identity begins to emerge at this time

63
Q

describe the legacy of the revolution

A
  • the structure of the french state
  • the meaning and purpose of revolution
  • single system of administration created
  • up untill the 1780’s, the term revolution meant a cycle -> no longer the case after that period of time
  • language of politics changes
  • the basis for sovereignty emerges
64
Q

how does the language of politics change in europe during the revolution?

A
  • Radical change is destabilizing
    • -> having stable institutions and continuity is important
    • -> how conservativism develops

HIST 130 (5 decks)

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