Social Order and diving right monarchy

Question 1

what are the levels of social order (society ordered by privilege)?

Answer 1

• The nobility
• the clergy
• the bourgeois
• everyone else

Question 2

describe the Nobility’s powers

Answer 2

• not answerable to same laws as others
• exempt from most taxation
• provide manpower for military forces
• responsible for military mobilization
• laws about clothing (sumptuary legislation)

Question 3

describe the clergy

Answer 3

• serving god and spiritual needs of nation as a whole
• exemption from state taxation
• the church
• > provide education
• > provide ideas
• > inform state on political views
• > provide literacy skills

Question 4

describe the bourgeois

Answer 4

• ability to negotiate with monarch and nobility
• mostly in cities and towns for management in commerce and trade
• most economic growth
• corporate sense of knowledge

Question 5

describe the origins of the modern nation-state

Answer 5

• dynastic rule
   ppl put in charge as kings are expected to continue to govern
• geographical coherence of kingdoms
   rule over a series of territories scattered over large geographic region
• war and military expense
   main expense
   purchase military forces (hire mercenaries)
   spend half their income on military in times of peace
   spend 90% of income in times of war

Question 6

the ______ had the diving right to rule.

Answer 6

Monarchies.

 they are trained to serve in positions that their loyalty to their king is less important than the office they are in

Question 7

what term was coined in 1765?

Answer 7

Bureaucracy

Question 8

what does Bureaucracy come from…?

Answer 8

word comes from the change in power from monarchs to people who sit at desks

Question 9

how were the British an exception to the rest of Europe? How did they set an example for the rest of Europe?

Answer 9

 Negotiation to check the powers of the king
 King in England is not absolute monarch but has controls on what he can do -> i.e. capacity to spend money

• They don’t have the same security challenges that continental Europe faces
• Military expenditure on choice -> development of british navy
• Housed of commons acts as a check on kings power
• State in England creates institutions that are designed to draw revenue (for navy and war and for other purposes)

Question 10

Britain transitioned from a ____ ….

Answer 10

Dominant state (most revenue coming from land) to a Tax state (revenue coming in in the form of Money)

Question 11

define a Tax Farm

Answer 11

wealthy people pay upfront taxes and then are given the right to farm taxes from a given area

Question 12

what does Voltair admire about British society when he went there?

Answer 12

• balance in british political system with house of commons and lords vs. king
• Likes getting greater recognition for being an intellectual in society
• Religious toleration in England worked to the benefit of English society as a whole
• Valued the fact that there was respect for commercial enterprise

Question 13

By representing the differences in Enlgish society, he inherently questions order in France. Due to the strict oversight of the monarchy, his book was unable to circulate in the population. T or F

Answer 13

False

Question 14

Voltaire attacks two things upon returning from Britain. they are …

Answer 14

Optimism and Ecrasez l’infame (the influence of the church)

Question 15

descirbe the Candide

Answer 15

• knowledge by rational observation
• travel
• what grounds for optimism?
• religious belief and behaviour of church authorities
• use of our powers to reason