The Foot

Question 1

Answer 1

Question 2

Answer 2

Question 3

Answer 3

Question 4

Answer 4

Question 5

What is represented by the red dot and where does it pass through?

Answer 5

posterior tubercles provide groove for the flexor hallicus longus to run through

Question 6

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Question 11

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Question 12

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Question 13

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Question 14

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Question 15

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Question 16

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Question 17

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Question 18

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Question 19

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Question 20

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Question 21

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Question 22

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Question 23

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Question 24

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Question 25

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Question 26

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Question 27

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Question 28

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Question 29

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Question 30

Answer 30

Question 31

which bone of the foot is almost entirely covered with articular cartilage?

Answer 31

talus

Question 32

____ fracture

• Often result from forced dorsiflexion injuries (auto accidents)
• At one time, these fractures were referred to as “aviators fractures”
• Fractures through the neck of talus can disrupt the vascular supply to the bone- causing “avascular necrosis” and death of the talus

Answer 32

talus

Question 33

Articulates with the talus superiorly at the Subtalar joint

Answer 33

Calcaneus

Question 34

The tendon of _____ passes beneath the sustentaculum tali and inserts into the distal phalanx of the hallux

Answer 34

flexor halleus longeus

Question 35

Medial view of foot one can appreciate the large calcaneal tuberosity and medially projecting boney shelf or _____ which supports the head of the talus

Answer 35

Sustentaculum Tali

Question 36

_____ fracture

Often results from a fall from a ladder or jumping from a height- injuries that produce a high axial load on the rearfoot

MUST rule out associated fractures of the spine- particularly the lower thoracic and lumbar vertebrae

Answer 36

Calcaneal Fracture

Question 37

Base of the 5th metatarsal has a large tuberosity for insertion of the _____

Answer 37

fibularis brevis

Question 38

___ metatarsal fractures- extremely common fractures in the foot

Answer 38

5th

Question 39

Deep fascia of the plantar surface (sole) of the foot is referred to as the ___

Answer 39

plantar fascia

Question 40

____ extremely thick central portion of this plantar fascia

Answer 40

Plantar aponeurosis

Question 41

____ nerve innervates 14 foot muscles; ____ innervagtes the other 4

Answer 41

Lateral plantar; medial plantar

Question 42

the four muscles that the medial plantar nerev innervates

Answer 42

1. Flex Digitorum Brevis
2. Abductor Hallucis
3. Flex Hallucis Brevis
4. 1st (medial) Lumbrical

Question 43

nALL Intrinsic plantar muscles are innervated by ____ nerve roots

Answer 43

S2 & S3

Question 44

tarsal tunnel contents

Answer 44

1. Tibialis Posterior Tendon
2. Flexor Digitorum Longus Tendon
3. Posterior Tibial Artery and Tibial Nerve
4. Flexor Hallucis Longus Tendon

Question 45

Cutaneous sensory innervation to 3½ toes and the medial aspect of foot

Answer 45

Medial Plantar Nerve

Question 46

Cutaneous sensory innervation to 1½ toes and to the lateral aspect of the foot

Answer 46

Lateral Plantar Nerve

Question 47

Lateral plantar artery ultimately becomes the ____ which anastomoses with the deep plantar artery (a branch from the dorsalis pedis artery) connecting the vascular supply between the dorsal and plantar aspects

Answer 47

deep plantar arch

Question 48

diabetes tends to result in the three “opathys”:

Answer 48

1. Retinopathy
2. Nephropathy
3. Neuropathy

Neuropathy results in loss or diminished function of peripheral sensory nerves

Patients suffering from peripheral neuropathy often experience these debilitating foot ulcerations due to loss of sensation in their feet

Question 49

___ joint Permits inversion and eversion motions during the gait cycle

Answer 49

Subtalar Joint aka Talocalcaneal joint

Question 50

_____ ligament helps stabilize the subtalar joint

Answer 50

Interosseous Talocalcaneal

Question 51

Transverse tarsal joint consists of two joints ___ and ___ which are stabilized by ____

Answer 51

1. Calcaneocuboid
2. Talonavicluar

Bifurcate ligament

Question 52

Because the foot is composed of numerous bones connected by ligaments…it has considerable flexibility that allows it to deform with each ground contact thereby acting as a _______

In addition, the pedal bones are arranged in arches that add to the weight bearing capabilities and resilience of the foot

Answer 52

shock absorber

Question 53

nStrength and tone of muscles of the foot are via ____, _____, ____, and ____ muscle ligaments

Answer 53

1. tibialis anterior
2. tibialis posterior
3. flexor hallucis longus
4. fibularis longus tendon

Question 54

Major Ligaments
supporting the Arch

Answer 54

1. Calcaneonavicular “spring” Ligament- from sustentaculum tali to the navicular. Ligament has many elastic fiber providing “spring” or stretch support for the overlying talus (supports the head of the talus)
2. Long Plantar Ligament- from calcaneus to cuboid. Ligament passes across the cuboid groove and forms a tunnel for the fibularis longus tendon
3. Plantar aponeurosis- These ligaments help support the longitudinal and transverse arches of the foot

Question 55

Plantar fasciitis

Answer 55

is one of the most common causes of heel pain

It involves inflammation of the thick plantar fascia/aponeurosis and associated muscles that arise from the calcaneal tuberosity

Plantar fasciitis commonly causes stabbing pain that usually occurs with

Cause: Repetitive stretching and tearing (micro-tears) can cause the fascia to become irritated or inflamed, though in many cases of plantar fasciitis…the cause isn’t clear

Treatment(s): Most patients who have plantar fasciitis recover with several months of conservative treatments, including resting, icing the painful area and stretching

Question 56

Answer 56