The Foot

Question 1

Answer 1

Question 2

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Question 5

What is represented by the red dot and where does it pass through?

Answer 5

posterior tubercles provide groove for the flexor hallicus longus to run through

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Question 28

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Question 29

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Question 30

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Question 31

which bone of the foot is almost entirely covered with articular cartilage?

Answer 31

talus

Question 32

\_\_\_\_ fracture * Often result from forced **dorsiflexion** injuries (auto accidents) * At one time, these fractures were referred to as “aviators fractures” * Fractures through the neck of talus can disrupt the vascular supply to the bone- causing “avascular necrosis” and death of the talus

Answer 32

talus

Question 33

Articulates with the talus superiorly at the **Subtalar joint**

Answer 33

Calcaneus

Question 34

The tendon of _____ passes beneath the sustentaculum tali and inserts into the distal phalanx of the hallux

Answer 34

flexor halleus longeus

Question 35

Medial view of foot one can appreciate the **large calcaneal tuberosity** and medially projecting boney shelf or _____ which supports the head of the talus

Answer 35

Sustentaculum Tali

Question 36

\_\_\_\_\_ fracture Often results from a fall from a ladder or jumping from a height- injuries that produce a high axial load on the rearfoot MUST rule out associated fractures of the spine- particularly the lower thoracic and lumbar vertebrae

Answer 36

Calcaneal Fracture

Question 37

Base of the **5th metatarsal** has a large tuberosity for insertion of the \_\_\_\_\_

Answer 37

fibularis brevis

Question 38

\_\_\_ metatarsal fractures- extremely common fractures in the foot

Answer 38

5th

Question 39

Deep fascia of the plantar surface (sole) of the foot is referred to as the \_\_\_

Answer 39

plantar fascia

Question 40

\_\_\_\_ extremely thick central portion of this plantar fascia

Answer 40

Plantar aponeurosis

Question 41

\_\_\_\_ nerve innervates 14 foot muscles; ____ innervagtes the other 4

Answer 41

Lateral plantar; medial plantar

Question 42

the four muscles that the medial plantar nerev innervates

Answer 42

1. Flex Digitorum Brevis 2. Abductor Hallucis 3. Flex Hallucis Brevis 4. 1st (medial) Lumbrical

Question 43

nALL Intrinsic plantar muscles are innervated by ____ nerve roots

Answer 43

S2 & S3

Question 44

tarsal tunnel contents

Answer 44

1. Tibialis Posterior Tendon 2. Flexor Digitorum Longus Tendon 3. **Posterior Tibial Artery and Tibial Nerve** 4. Flexor Hallucis Longus Tendon

Question 45

**Cutaneous sensory innervation to 3½ toes and the medial aspect of foot**

Answer 45

Medial Plantar Nerve

Question 46

Cutaneous sensory innervation to 1½ toes and to the lateral aspect of the foot

Answer 46

Lateral Plantar Nerve

Question 47

**Lateral plantar artery** ultimately becomes the ____ which anastomoses with the **deep plantar artery** (a branch from the dorsalis pedis artery) connecting the vascular supply between the dorsal and plantar aspects

Answer 47

deep plantar arch

Question 48

diabetes tends to result in the three “opathys”:

Answer 48

1. Retinopathy 2. Nephropathy 3. Neuropathy Neuropathy results in loss or diminished function of peripheral sensory nerves Patients suffering from peripheral neuropathy often experience these debilitating foot ulcerations due to loss of sensation in their feet

Question 49

\_\_\_ joint Permits inversion and eversion motions during the gait cycle

Answer 49

Subtalar Joint aka Talocalcaneal joint

Question 50

\_\_\_\_\_ ligament helps stabilize the subtalar joint

Answer 50

Interosseous Talocalcaneal

Question 51

Transverse tarsal joint consists of two joints ___ and ___ which are stabilized by \_\_\_\_

Answer 51

1. Calcaneocuboid 2. Talonavicluar Bifurcate ligament

Question 52

Because the foot is composed of numerous bones connected by ligaments…it has considerable flexibility that allows it to deform with each ground contact thereby acting as a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ In addition, the pedal bones are arranged in arches that add to the weight bearing capabilities and resilience of the foot

Answer 52

shock absorber

Question 53

nStrength and tone of muscles of the foot are via \_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_, and ____ muscle ligaments

Answer 53

1. tibialis anterior 2. tibialis posterior 3. flexor hallucis longus 4. fibularis longus tendon

Question 54

Major Ligaments supporting the Arch

Answer 54

1. Calcaneonavicular “spring” Ligament- from sustentaculum tali to the navicular. Ligament has many elastic fiber providing “spring” or stretch support for the overlying talus (supports the head of the talus) 2. Long Plantar Ligament- from calcaneus to cuboid. Ligament passes across the cuboid groove and forms a tunnel for the fibularis longus tendon 3. Plantar aponeurosis- These ligaments help support the longitudinal and transverse arches of the foot

Question 55

Plantar fasciitis

Answer 55

is one of the most common causes of heel pain It involves inflammation of the thick plantar fascia/aponeurosis and associated muscles that arise from the calcaneal tuberosity Plantar fasciitis commonly causes stabbing pain that usually occurs with **Cause: Repetitive stretching and tearing (micro-tears) can cause the fascia to become irritated or inflamed, though in many cases of plantar fasciitis…the cause isn't clear** **Treatment(s): Most patients who have plantar fasciitis recover with several months of conservative treatments, including resting, icing the painful area and stretching**

Question 56

Answer 56