Leg & Knee Joint Flashcards
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\_\_\_\_\_\_ - attachment site of the anterior cruciate ligament on the superior head of the tiba
Anterior intercondylar area
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\_\_\_\_\_ -attachment site of the posterior cruciate ligament on the superior side of the tibia
Posterior intercondylar area
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nLargest synovial joint in the body; weak mechanical joint
knee joint
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knee joint has a strong fibrous capsule that is strengthened and supported by several external ligaments... the two most important are the
1. Lateral (Fibular) collateral ligament (LCL)
2. Medial (Tibial) collateral ligament (MCL)
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\_\_\_ and ____ join the femur and tibia and provide knee stability
1. Anterior Cruciate ligament (ACL)
2. Posterior Cruciate ligament (PCL)
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\_\_\_\_ is slightly relaxed when knee is flexed- tight when the knee is fully extended
Anterior Cruciate (ACL)
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ACL prevents the femur from .... and the ACL prevents **posterior/anterior** displacement of the tibia
sliding posterior on the tibia and helps prevent knee hyperextension; anterior
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ACL ruptures are quite common (10X more common than PCL ruptures) typically occur in sports related injuries when the knee is ____ and \_\_\_
extended and over-rotated
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“unhappy triad”
ACL injuries occur in conjunction with tears of the medial meniscus and the MCL
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Disruption of the ACL allows the tibia to be manually displaced anteriorly on the femur- referred to as the \_\_\_\_
“anterior drawer sign”
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Posterior Cruciate (PCL)- tightens during knee
flexion
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PCL prevents the femur from sliding **anterior/posterior** on the tibia and prevents **anterior/posterior** displacement of the tibia
anterior/posterior
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**Crescent shaped** fibrocartilagenous plates on the superior articular surface of the tibia
Act like **shock absorbers** and help deepen the joint cavity
Commonly injured during **torsional (twisting)** knee injuries
Menisci of the Knee Joint
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why are the mensci difficult to heal?
Menisci have limited blood supply and heal poorly when injured- often require surgical repair/removal of injured region
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which mensci is more mobile, smaller and nearly circular?
lateral meniscus
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Common fibular nerve divides into two branches:
1. Superficial fibular nerve which innervates the lateral compartment of the leg
2. Deep fibular nerve which innervates the anterior compartment muscles
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Anterior compartment- all muscles are innervated by the \_\_\_\_
deep fibular nerve
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Lateral compartment- all muscles are innervated by the \_\_\_\_\_\_
superficial fibular nerve
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Two Posterior compartments (superficial and a deep)- all muscles are innervated by \_\_\_\_\_
tibial nerve
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how many compartments are there in the lower leg?
4 lateral, anterior, deep and superficial posterior
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superficial posterior group muscles and function
1. gastrocnemius
2. soleus
3. plantaris
plantarflexors of the ankle joint (move down)
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gastrocnemius and soleus muscle fibers?
soleus - slow red oxidative
gastronemius- fast white tiwch muscles
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tibial nerve roots
S1 and S2
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deep posterior group muscles and function
1. popliteus
2. flexor hallucis longus
3. flexor digitoum longus
4. tibialis posterior
plantarflex the ankle
flex the toes
invert the foot
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Tendons of these 3 muscles (Tibialis posterior, flexor Digitorium longus, and flexor hallucis longus) pass into the foot via the \_\_\_\_
tarsal tunnel
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\_\_\_\_ enters the foot via the tarsal tunnel and terminates as the medial & lateral plantar nerves in the foot
Tibial nerve
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Popliteal artery gives rise to several _____ which vascularize the knee joint
genicular arteries
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components of Tarsal Tunnel medial to lateral
Tibialis Posterior Tendon
Flexor Digitorum Longus Tendon
Posterior Tibial Artery and Tibial Nerve
Flexor Hallucis Longus
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Common Fibular
Nerve divides into
1. Superficial fibular nerve-innervates lateral compartment…then sensory to dorsum of the foot
2. Deep fibular nerve- innervates anterior compartment…then sensory between big toe and 2nd toe
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Superficial fibular nerve-innervates
lateral compartment…then sensory to dorsum of the foot
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Deep fibular nerve- innervates
anterior compartment…then sensory between big toe and 2nd toe
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lateral compartment muscles and function
fibularis longus and fibularis brevis
evertors of the foot
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\_\_\_\_ its tendon passes through the groove in the **cuboid** and inserts into the **medial cuneiform and 1st metatarsal base**
Fibularis longus muscle
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\_\_\_\_ its tendon inserts into the base of the 5th metatarsal
Fibularis brevis muscle
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roots of superfical fibular nerve
nBoth innervated by L5 & S1 of the superficial fibular nerve
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anterior compartment muscles and function
dorsiflexors "toes to the sky"
1. tibialis anterior
2. extensor digitorum longus
3. extensor hallucis longus
4. fibularis tertius
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\_\_\_\_\_- extends the hallux (big toe)
Extensor hallucis longus
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\_\_\_\_\_\_ extends digits (inserts into extensor expansion on toes)
Extensor digitorum longus
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deep fibular nerve roots
**L4, L5** & S1
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Drop foot occurs when muscles in the ____ compartment of the leg become weakened or paralyzed
anterior
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This condition can result from trauma or injury to the **common fibular nerve or the deep fibular nerve** or (disc herniation that affects L4/L5 nerve roots)
These patients compensate with a “steppage gait”- hyperflexion of the hip to raise the foot/leg during the swing phase of gait
drop foot
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Diminished pulses can often times indicate
nocclusive vascular disease in more proximal vessels (popliteal, femoral, iliac)
or
Anterior compartment syndrome occurs when swelling (from trauma, overuse) compresses neurovascular structures within the compartment causing:
diminished or absent dorsalis pedis pulse
pain
Extreme pain of the anterior compartment muscles
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Hinge type synovial join
ankle joint
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Trochlea of talus is wider **anteriorly/posteriorly**
Hence-ankle is more stable in a **dorsiflexed/plantarflexed** position vs. a **dorsiflexed/plantarflexed** position
anteriorly; dorsiflexed than plantarflexed
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the most important ligament Strengthening the lateral aspect of the joint- stabilize ankle during inversion
Anterior Talofibular
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Stronger than the **lateral ligaments**
All arise from the medial malleolus
Stabilize ankle during **eversion**
deltoid ligaments
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\_\_\_ most commonly injured ankle ligament
Anterior Talofibular ligament
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\_\_\_\_ is easily damaged as it winds about the head of the fibula
Common fibular nerve
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\_\_\_\_ can compress underlying neurovasculature
Compartment syndromes
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