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biology - freshman year (16-17) > the final > Flashcards

the final Flashcards

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1
Q

autotroph

A

are able to make their own food

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2
Q

heterotroph

A

aren’t able to make their own food but needs energy

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3
Q

which organisms undergo photosynthesis and what do they produce?

A

plants/autotrophs

-glucose or oxygen

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4
Q

equation for photosynthesis

A

6CO2+6H2O—>C6H12O66O2

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5
Q

cellular respiration takes place in what cellular organelle?

A

mitochondria

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6
Q

photosynthesis takes place in what cellular organelle?

A

chloroplast

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7
Q

what are the two main types of fermentation?

A

(w/o oxygen)

-alcoholic and lactic acid.

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8
Q

why is photosynthesis important to life?

A

produces oxygen for beings and energy for plants.

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9
Q

write the equation for cellular respiration?

A

6O2+C6H12O6–>6CO2+6H2O=E(ATP)

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10
Q

control variable

A

the one element that is not changed throughout an experimen

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11
Q

control group

A

group in an experiment or study that does not receive treatment by the researchers and is then used as a benchmark to measure how the other tested subjects do.

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12
Q

what should be on a graph’s title?

A

both axes/variables

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13
Q

term used for PP

A

homozygous dominant

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14
Q

term used for Pp

A

heterozygous

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15
Q

term used for pp

A

homozygous recessive

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16
Q

phenotype of heterozygous incompletely dominant trai

A

blending of both traits (red + blue = purple)

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17
Q

codominance

A

shows both genotypes in phenotype (dots)

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18
Q

genotype for blood type O

A

ii

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19
Q

genotype for blood type AB

A

I^a I^b

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20
Q

a) genotype for male

b) genotype for female

A

a) XY

b) XX

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21
Q

diploid

A

(2) complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent.

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22
Q

haploid

A

(1) having a single set of unpaired chromosomes.

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23
Q

somatic cells

A

any cell of a living organism other than the reproductive cell. diploid body cell.

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24
Q

gametes

A

mature sexual reproductive cell that unites with another cell to form a new organism. haploid set cells.

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25
Q

haploid cell has 11 chromosomes o a diploid cell has….

A

22 chromosomes

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26
Q

mitosis

A

cell division that results in 2 genetically identical nuclei daughters.(for reproductive tissues: are identical to parents and e/o)

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27
Q

meiosis

A

results in 4 daughter nuclei. (produces gametes: not identical to parents)

28
Q

during meiosis, what two processes help increase genetic variation?

A

crossing over and independent assortment.

29
Q

advantage of sexual reproduction

A

D I V E R S I T Y

30
Q

what is the primary function of DNA

A

store and transmit genetic information. also develop and function things.

31
Q

what do all organisms have in common that is used to pass on information?

A

DNA

32
Q

how does the structure of DNA help it replicate so easily?

A

the weak hydrogen bonds between the bases are easily broken while the backbone is held together with strong bonds

33
Q

genes contain instructions for assembling what type of macro molecules?

A

proteins

34
Q

strands and nitrogenous bases in DNA vs. RNA

A

DNA: 2 strands and thymine
RNA: 1 strand and uracil

35
Q

order of protein synthesis and end results

A

1) DNA is transcribed into RNA.
2) RNA is translated into an amino acid.
3) That amino acid will fold into a protein.

36
Q

what are stem cells?

A

cells that are able to differentiate into specialized cell types (heal and grow)

37
Q

what is differentiation?

A

the process of cells becoming specialized. They become specialised for a particular function and cannot change into different types of cell

38
Q

what parts of planaria can regenerate?

A

everything/ whole body.

39
Q

cloning

A

producing similar populations of genetically identical individuals.

40
Q

biotechnology

A

the exploration of biological processes for industrial and other purposes.

41
Q

gene therapy

A

the transplantation of normal genes into cells in place of missing or defective ones of to fix genetic disorders.

42
Q

what are gel electrosphoresis used for?

A

used in the lab to separate charged molecules like DNA, RNA etc. by their size.

43
Q

three critical elements of natural seleciton

A
  • variation
  • some reproduce more than others
  • pass on genes to create a common population
44
Q

facts

A

are absolutely the case.

45
Q

beliefs

A

acceptance that something is true. (no evidence provided)

46
Q

theory

A

well supported explanation based on a body of facts that were confirmed.

47
Q

can groups, individuals or both evolve?

A

groups.

48
Q

why are organisms that are not closely related can look similar?

A

convergent evolution

- due to being in similar enviroments

49
Q

vestigial structures

A

a structure an organism loses during the course of evolution

50
Q

homologous body structures

A

structures in the body that share a common ancestor with more organisms.

51
Q

what are similar DNA sequences in genes evidence of?

A

common ancestory

52
Q

what graph is most likely to lead to speciation?

A

disruptive

53
Q

what graph is most likely to lead to an increased size in trait?

A

directional

54
Q

living and non-living things that can lead to disease

A

living: bacteria
non: virus

55
Q

what are pathogens

A

(germs) a bacterium, virus or other microorganism that can cause disease.

56
Q

homeostasis

A

maintains a stable internal environment.

57
Q

how does your body lower your blood sugar when it gets too high?

A

the pancreas produces insulin

58
Q

what is diabetes?

A

a disease when the body doesn’t produce enough insulin

59
Q

what is the role of the lymphatic system?

A

to fight off diseases and infections

60
Q

what system coordinates the body’s response to changes in its internal and external enviroment

A

the nervous system

61
Q

what do we call the functional unit of the nervous system?

A

a neuron

62
Q

one major difference of how the nervous vs. endocrines system maintain homeostasis

A

the nervous system uses neurotransmitters and it is faster

63
Q

what tissues/organs can you donate while alive?

A
  • kidney
  • 60% of liver
  • some skin
64
Q

what organs can be harvested for donations?

A

pancreas and heart

65
Q

certain bacteria have become resistant to antibiotic drugs this is an example of what process?

A

natural selection

66
Q

why should you finish taking all antibiotics prescribed for a bacterial infection?

A

so that all the bacteria causing the infection have to be killed so the surviving minority don’t become resistant.

67
Q

what is MRSA

A

a bacterial infection that is resistant to most commonly used antibiotics.

biology - freshman year (16-17) (9 decks)

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