the final Flashcards
autotroph
are able to make their own food
heterotroph
aren’t able to make their own food but needs energy
which organisms undergo photosynthesis and what do they produce?
plants/autotrophs
-glucose or oxygen
equation for photosynthesis
6CO2+6H2O—>C6H12O66O2
cellular respiration takes place in what cellular organelle?
mitochondria
photosynthesis takes place in what cellular organelle?
chloroplast
what are the two main types of fermentation?
(w/o oxygen)
-alcoholic and lactic acid.
why is photosynthesis important to life?
produces oxygen for beings and energy for plants.
write the equation for cellular respiration?
6O2+C6H12O6–>6CO2+6H2O=E(ATP)
control variable
the one element that is not changed throughout an experimen
control group
group in an experiment or study that does not receive treatment by the researchers and is then used as a benchmark to measure how the other tested subjects do.
what should be on a graph’s title?
both axes/variables
term used for PP
homozygous dominant
term used for Pp
heterozygous
term used for pp
homozygous recessive
phenotype of heterozygous incompletely dominant trai
blending of both traits (red + blue = purple)
codominance
shows both genotypes in phenotype (dots)
genotype for blood type O
ii
genotype for blood type AB
I^a I^b
a) genotype for male
b) genotype for female
a) XY
b) XX
diploid
(2) complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent.
haploid
(1) having a single set of unpaired chromosomes.
somatic cells
any cell of a living organism other than the reproductive cell. diploid body cell.
gametes
mature sexual reproductive cell that unites with another cell to form a new organism. haploid set cells.
haploid cell has 11 chromosomes o a diploid cell has….
22 chromosomes
mitosis
cell division that results in 2 genetically identical nuclei daughters.(for reproductive tissues: are identical to parents and e/o)
meiosis
results in 4 daughter nuclei. (produces gametes: not identical to parents)
during meiosis, what two processes help increase genetic variation?
crossing over and independent assortment.
advantage of sexual reproduction
D I V E R S I T Y
what is the primary function of DNA
store and transmit genetic information. also develop and function things.
what do all organisms have in common that is used to pass on information?
DNA
how does the structure of DNA help it replicate so easily?
the weak hydrogen bonds between the bases are easily broken while the backbone is held together with strong bonds
genes contain instructions for assembling what type of macro molecules?
proteins
strands and nitrogenous bases in DNA vs. RNA
DNA: 2 strands and thymine
RNA: 1 strand and uracil
order of protein synthesis and end results
1) DNA is transcribed into RNA.
2) RNA is translated into an amino acid.
3) That amino acid will fold into a protein.
what are stem cells?
cells that are able to differentiate into specialized cell types (heal and grow)
what is differentiation?
the process of cells becoming specialized. They become specialised for a particular function and cannot change into different types of cell
what parts of planaria can regenerate?
everything/ whole body.
cloning
producing similar populations of genetically identical individuals.
biotechnology
the exploration of biological processes for industrial and other purposes.
gene therapy
the transplantation of normal genes into cells in place of missing or defective ones of to fix genetic disorders.
what are gel electrosphoresis used for?
used in the lab to separate charged molecules like DNA, RNA etc. by their size.
three critical elements of natural seleciton
- variation
- some reproduce more than others
- pass on genes to create a common population
facts
are absolutely the case.
beliefs
acceptance that something is true. (no evidence provided)
theory
well supported explanation based on a body of facts that were confirmed.
can groups, individuals or both evolve?
groups.
why are organisms that are not closely related can look similar?
convergent evolution
- due to being in similar enviroments
vestigial structures
a structure an organism loses during the course of evolution
homologous body structures
structures in the body that share a common ancestor with more organisms.
what are similar DNA sequences in genes evidence of?
common ancestory
what graph is most likely to lead to speciation?
disruptive
what graph is most likely to lead to an increased size in trait?
directional
living and non-living things that can lead to disease
living: bacteria
non: virus
what are pathogens
(germs) a bacterium, virus or other microorganism that can cause disease.
homeostasis
maintains a stable internal environment.
how does your body lower your blood sugar when it gets too high?
the pancreas produces insulin
what is diabetes?
a disease when the body doesn’t produce enough insulin
what is the role of the lymphatic system?
to fight off diseases and infections
what system coordinates the body’s response to changes in its internal and external enviroment
the nervous system
what do we call the functional unit of the nervous system?
a neuron
one major difference of how the nervous vs. endocrines system maintain homeostasis
the nervous system uses neurotransmitters and it is faster
what tissues/organs can you donate while alive?
- kidney
- 60% of liver
- some skin
what organs can be harvested for donations?
pancreas and heart
certain bacteria have become resistant to antibiotic drugs this is an example of what process?
natural selection
why should you finish taking all antibiotics prescribed for a bacterial infection?
so that all the bacteria causing the infection have to be killed so the surviving minority don’t become resistant.
what is MRSA
a bacterial infection that is resistant to most commonly used antibiotics.
