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Anatomy and Physiology Semester 2 > The Female Reproductive System > Flashcards

The Female Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

List 3 functions of the female reproductive system…

A
  1. Production of female gametes
  2. Production of hormones
  3. Site of nourishment of development of the embryo.
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2
Q

List the hormones produced by the female reproductive system…

A
  1. Oestrogen
  2. Progesterone
  3. GnRH- produced in hypothalamus-stimulates production of LH & FSH
  4. LH - triggers ovulation.
  5. FSH- released from anterior pituitary gland - stimulates immature ova to grow.
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3
Q

List the internal genitalia…

A

Ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina.

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4
Q

List external genitalia…

A

Mons pubis, labia, clitoris.

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5
Q

What are the 3 ovarian ligaments?

A
  1. Suspensory ligament,
  2. Broad ligament,
  3. Ligament of ovary.
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6
Q

What is oogenesis?

A

The creation of ova.

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7
Q

List the 3 steps of oogenesis…

A
  1. Oocytes start meiosis 1 in foetal life but don’t complete it until after puberty.
  2. Released oocyte starts meiosis 2
  3. Meiosis 2 only complete if fertilisation occurs.
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8
Q

What are the 4 parts of the fallopian tube?

A
  1. Infundibulum.
  2. Ampulla
  3. Isthmus
  4. Intramural segment
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9
Q

What are the 2 functions of the fallopian tube?

A
  1. Convey oocyte from peritoneal cavity to the uterus.

2. Site of fertilisation (usually ampulla)

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10
Q

Describe the structure of the fallopian tube…

A

Highly convoluted interior (folded or coiled).

The folding decreases towards the uterus.

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11
Q

What are the 3 sections of the uterus?

A
  1. Fundus
  2. Body
  3. Cervix.
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12
Q

What are the 3 layers with the uterus wall?

A
  1. Perimetrium
  2. Myometrium
  3. Endometrium
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13
Q

What are the 2 parts of the endometrium?

A
  1. Functional zone (structure changes dramatically, shed monthly)
  2. Basal zone (not shed, provides cellular reserve for re-growth of functional layer)
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14
Q

What are the 3 stages of the menstrual cycle?

A
  1. Menstrual- days 1 to 5 (spiral arteries constrict: functional layer is sloughed off)
  2. Proliferative- days 6 to 14 (oestrogen: build up of tissue & simple glands formed.
  3. Secretory- days 15 to 28 (progesterone: glands enlarge & spiral arteries coil.
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15
Q

The cervix epithelium changes at…

A

Squamo-columnar junction.

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16
Q

How long is the vagina?

A

8cm long

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17
Q

What is the vagina lined with?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium.

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18
Q

Is the vaginal acidic or alkali?

A

Acidic

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19
Q

What is the mons pubis?

A

Fatty pad over pubic symphysis.

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20
Q

The clitoris is homologous with…

A

the penis

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21
Q

What are the labia majora?

A

Prominent skin folds.

22
Q

The labia majora is homologous with…

A

the scrotum.

23
Q

What is the pelvic floor?

A

Funnel-shaped to support the pelvic contents.

24
Q

The mammary glands consist of…

A
  1. Adipose tissue
  2. Glandular tissue
  3. Fibrous tissue.
25
Q

Glandular tissue increases during pregnancy in preparation for…

A

Lactation.

26
Q

Where is prolactin released from?

A

The anterior pituitary gland.

27
Q

What is prolactin used for?

A

Breast development and milk production.

28
Q

Where is oxytocin released from?

A

The posterior pituitary gland.

29
Q

What stimulates oxytocin to be released?

A

Suckling stimulus.

30
Q

What is a follicle?

A

An ovum + the surrounding follicular cells.

31
Q

What type of cells release follicular fluid?

A

Granulosa cells.

32
Q

What does follicular fluid do?

A

It surrounds the ovum in an ovarian follicle.

33
Q

List 3 functions of FSH…

A
  1. Stimulates growth and development of the follicles.
  2. Promotes secretion of oestrogen
  3. Promotes secretion of inhibin by ovaries.
34
Q

What are the 3 steps in ovulation?

A
  1. A surge in LH increases collagenase activity, which digests collagen fibres surrounding the follicle.
  2. LH increases prostaglandin levels which causes ovarian wall to contract.
  3. The contractions extrude the oocyte.
35
Q

No surge in LH….

A

… No ovulation…

36
Q

List 2 functions of LH…

A
  1. Surge in LH induces ovulation.

2. LH is responsible for the formation of a corpus luteum.

37
Q

What hormone does the corpus luteum release?

A

Progesterone

38
Q

Where is a corpus luteum formed?

A

Formed in ovary at the site of a follicle that has released its hormone.

39
Q

What happens to the corpus luteum if the egg is not fertilised?

A

It becomes inactive after 10-14 days and a period will then occur.

40
Q

What hormone is released by the placenta during pregnancy and is tested for by pregnancy tests?

A

Human chorionic gonadotropin hormone.

41
Q

What is the menopause?

A

A decrease in oestrogen therefore ovulation ceases.

42
Q

What is the average age for a woman to go through the menopause?

A

52

43
Q

What are some symptoms of the menopause?

A

Hot flushes, night sweats and mood swings.

44
Q

What is a treatment for the menopause?

A

Hormone replacement therapy (HRT)

45
Q

What is the pH of vaginal fluid?

A

4.3

46
Q

What is the pH of the cervix?

A

6-6.5

47
Q

List the 5 stages of fertilisation…

A
  1. Heads of spermatozoa bind to zona pellucida
  2. Egg completes meiosis 2
  3. Membrane forms around the female chromosomal material.
  4. Female and male membranes break down and chromosomes intermingle and become organised.
  5. Fertilised egg is called a zygote.
48
Q

When does implantation of an embryo occur?

A

8 days post fertilisation.

49
Q

Where does an embryo implant?

A

Within a stroma (healing wound) on the endometrium.

50
Q

What percentage of fertilised eggs do not develop to maturity?

A

50%

51
Q

What is the success rate of IVF?

A

25%

52
Q

List the 3 stages of labour…

A
  1. Dilation stage - start of contractions, cervix softens and dilates.
  2. Expulsion stage - Full dilation to delivery.
  3. Placental stage - Placenta is delivered.

Anatomy and Physiology Semester 2 (8 decks)

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