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Anatomy and Physiology Semester 2 > Nutrition and Metabolism > Flashcards

Nutrition and Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

What is Nutrition?

A

The nutrients that are provided by the food we eat.

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2
Q

What is meant by Metabolism?

A

What the body does with the nutrients we ingest once they are delivered to the cell.

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3
Q

What examples of nutrients are used for growth and repair or maintenance?

A

Fats, Proteins, Vitamins and Minerals.

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4
Q

What are macronutrients?

Required in large amounts

A

Carbohydrates, Proteins and Fat.

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5
Q

What are micronutrients?

Required in small amounts

A

Minerals and Vitamins.

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6
Q

List 3 examples of monosaccharides…

A

Galactose, Glucose & Fructose.

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7
Q

List 2 examples of Disaccharides…

A

Sucrose & Lactose.

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8
Q

List 2 examples of Polysaccharides…

complex carbohydrates

A

Cellulose & Starch.

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9
Q

All carbohydrates generate…

A

Glucose.

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10
Q

List 2 uses of carbohydrates within the body…

A
  1. Converted into energy - Neurons and red blood cells depend on glucose.
  2. Form structural components of other molecules - Eg glycoproteins.
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11
Q

What is the daily requirement of Carbohydrates within the body?

A

230 grams

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12
Q

Nearly all carbohydrate come from…

A

Plants

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13
Q

What is fibre?

A

An animal or plant carbohydrate that resists digestion.

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14
Q

List 2 effects of fibre…

A
  1. Absorbs water into the intestines & softens stools.

2. Provides bulk to speed up transit time.

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15
Q

What is the body’s daily requirement of fibre?

A

24 grams

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16
Q

An excess of fibre in the diet…

A

Interferes with mineral absorption such as iron and calcium.

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17
Q

Proteins constitute what percentage of body mass?

A

12-15%

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18
Q

Proteins are broken down into…

A

Amino acids in the digestive tract.

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19
Q

Transamination occurs in the…

A

Liver.

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20
Q

How many amino acids are there?

A

20.

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21
Q

How many amino acids must be ingested as they cannot be synthesised by the body?

A

8.

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22
Q

What is the body’s daily requirement of protein?

A

45-50 grams depending on age & sex.

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23
Q

Amino acids have an…

A

Amino group and a carboxyl (acid) group.

24
Q

Complete proteins which contain all of the essential amino acids are found in…

A

Animal Products.

25
Q

Incomplete proteins which lack one or more of the essential amino acids are found in…

A

Plant sources.

26
Q

Advantage of getting protein from animal sources?

A

These sources also provide other nutrients such as vitamins and minerals.

27
Q

Disadvantage of using plant sources for protein?

A

They must be combined to ensure all amino acids are provided.

28
Q

List 4 uses of lipids…

A
  1. Energy storage - twice as much per gram as sugars and proteins.
  2. Absorption of fat-soluble vitamins
  3. Plasma membranes and myelin.
  4. Precursor of steroids, bile salts, vitamin D & prostaglandins.
29
Q

What is the body’s daily requirement of lipids?

A

70 grams of which 20 grams should be saturated.

30
Q

Most fatty acids can be…

A

Synthesised.

31
Q

Are lipids water soluble?

A

No

32
Q

How are Lipids transported in the blood?

A

As lipoprotein droplets.

33
Q

Chylomicrons transport…

A

Triglycerides & cholesterol from the small intestine to the liver via lymphatic vessels.

34
Q

Sources of vitamins?

A

Meat and vegetables.

35
Q

Sources of Minerals?

A

Vegetables, milk, eggs, meat, fish and shellfish.

36
Q

What nutrients must be increased in pregnancy?

A

Fibre and protein.

37
Q

What minerals are required in pregnancy?

A

Calcium, Folate, Zinc, Iodine & Iron.

38
Q

What vitamin is required when breastfeeding?

A

Vitamin D.

39
Q

1 Kilocalorie is equal to…

A

4.184 kilojoules

40
Q

Metabolic rate =

A

Rate of energy released from cells.

41
Q

What is Basal Metabolic Rate?

A

The energy release required to support vital organs at rest.

42
Q

What is anabolism?

A

Glucose converted to glycogen or triglycerides for storage.

43
Q

What is catabolism?

A

Glucose is used to form ATP by glycolysis

44
Q

Does Glycolysis require oxygen?

A

No

45
Q

What is the ATP yield from glycolysis?

A

2 molecules.

46
Q

In the absence of oxygen what is pyruvic acid converted into?

A

Lactic acid.

47
Q

In the presence of oxygen what is the yield of ATP?

A

38 molecules.

48
Q

What is normal blood plasma glucose?

A

3.5 - 8.0 mmol/L

49
Q

Where is insulin secreted?

A

From the beta cells of the pancreas.

50
Q

How does insulin lower blood glucose?

A
  1. Increases entry of glucose into cells.
  2. Stimulates glycogenesis.
  3. Stimulates protein and fat synthesis.
  4. Inhibits gluconeogenesis.
51
Q

Ketones are produced when the liver breaks down…

A

Fats and proteins.

52
Q

Too many ketones can lead to…

A

Ketoacidosis.

53
Q

Condition that leads to increased risk of ketoacidosis?

A

Diabetes mellitus.

54
Q

Does insulin increase or decrease blood glucose?

A

Decrease.

55
Q

Does glucagon increase or decrease blood glucose?

A

Increase.

Anatomy and Physiology Semester 2 (8 decks)

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