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The Feb/March Revolution of 1917 Flashcards

1
Q

what was Petrograd like in the winter of 1917

A

the streets of Petrograd were tense with the frustrations of the unemployed, the starving and the desperate

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2
Q

What happened in January 1917

A

there was a demonstration by 150,000 Petrograd workers

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3
Q

what was the demonstration on the anniversary of

A

Bloody Sunday

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4
Q

What was the catalyst in the Revolution

A

a bread shortage

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5
Q

What happened on Monday 14th Feb

A

100,000 workers from 58 different factories were on strike in Petrograd.

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6
Q

when was bread rationing meant to start

A

1st March

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7
Q

What happened on Wednesday 22nd February

A

20,000 workers were locked out of the Putilov Steel Works by the management after pay talks collapsed. Workers in other factories went on strike in support

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8
Q

What day was Thursday 23rd February

A

International Women’s Day

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9
Q

What happened on international women’s day

A

90,000 workers were on strike and 50 factories closed. They joined the women’s day marches. Petrograd fell into chaos with 240,000 people out on the streets.

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10
Q

how was order restored on international women’s day

A

when the desperate police force relaxed things in the early evening

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11
Q

What happened on Friday 24th February

A

200,000 workers were on strike and the crowds overturned Tsarist statues, waved red flags, wore red rosettes, shouted revolutionary slogans calling for an end to Tsardom

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12
Q

What song did the workers sing in retaliation to the Tsarist regime

A

La Marseillaise

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13
Q

What happened on Saturday 25th February

A

250,000 people (over half the capital’s workforce) were on strike and Petrograd was at a virtual standstill. There were no newspapers and no public transport.

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14
Q

who was in charge of the mounted police and what did he try to do

A

Shalfeev tried to control the masses.

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15
Q

what happened to Shalfeev

A

he was set upon, dragged from his horse, beaten and shot

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16
Q

What happened at the end of the Day on the 25th Feb

A

a band of civilians were killed by soldiers on the Nevskii Prospekt but later the same day, some Cossacks refused to attack processing of strikes when ordered to do so

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17
Q

who was president of the Duma

A

Rodzianko

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18
Q

what did Rodzianko do

A

he sent a telegram to the Tsar warning him of the serious situation in Petrograd.

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19
Q

what did Nicholas II do in response to Rodzianko’s telegram

A

he ignored the warning and ordered the duma to dissolve the next day

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20
Q

who did Nicholas order to restore order

A

Major General Khabalov

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21
Q

who was Major General Khabalov

A

Commander of the Petrograd Military District

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22
Q

what day did the Tsar order general Khabalov

A

Monday 27th February

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23
Q

what did Khabalov do

A

he sent soldiers onto the streets and around 40 demonstrators in the city centre were killed

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24
Q

where did a mutiny begin in the army

A

the Volynskii regiment

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25
what happened in the Volysnkii mutiny
a sergeant shot his commanding officer dead. 66,000 soldiers mutinied and joined the protestors, arming them with 40,000 rifles
26
what did the Duma do
they held a meeting, despite the Tsar's orders and set up a 12-man Provisional Committee to take over the government
27
what did the Army's high command do
changed their minds, ordered soldiers to halt and gave support to the Duma Committee
28
What was set up on the evening of 27th February
revolutionaries set up a soviet which also intended to take over the government. It began to organise food supplies for the city
29
what did Nicholas II do on Tuesday 28th Feb
he left his military headquarters at the VVolynskii regiment and started to make his way back to Petrograd
30
what did Nicholas II do after leaving his military headquarters
he sent a telegram to Rodzianko, offering to share power with the Duma
31
What did Rodzianko reply to Nicholas
'the measures you propose are too late. The time for them has gone. There is no return'
32
Which individuals were in Zurich
Vladimir Lenin and Julius Martov
33
Who was in New York
Leon Trotsky
34
Who was in Paris
Viktor Chernov
35
What did research by James White find
he found that a liberal group, including Pavel Milyukov, Aleksandr Guchkov, Aleksandr Konovalov and Mikhail Tereshchenko, was already planning a coup to topple the Tsar and were considerably alarmed by the turn of events in Feb which they feared might get out of hand
36
Who was James White
A professor of Russian History at Glasgow Uni
37
What did James White also identify
that a revolutionary workers' group based in the working-class Vyborg district of Petrograd
38
what seems to support the idea that there was organisation by socialist leaders
the creation of soviets in cities
39
When was the Petrograd Soviet set up
27th February
40
What did the Petrograd Soviet agree to
that each regiment of soldiers should elect committees and send representatives to the Soviet
41
What did Order Number 1 promise
- all units to elect a deputy to the Soviet and agree to the political control of the Petrograd Soviet - The Military Commission of the Duma was to be obeyed, only if it agreed with the Soviet's orders - All weapons to be controlled by elected soldier's committees - No honorific titles to be used for officers - Officers were not to address soldiers in the 'ty' form
42
What official title did the Petrograd Soviet take
'Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies'
43
By the 10th of March, how many members did the Petrograd Soviet have
3,000 members
44
who dominated the executive committee of the Soviet
Aleksandr Kerensky
45
What happened to Nicholas
he never returned to Petrograd
46
why did Nicholas never return to Petrograd
His train was diverted by rebellious railway workers and forced to stop at Pskov, 200 miles south of his destination
47
who was the chief of general staff
General Alexeev
48
What did General Alexeev say to the Tsar
that he should resign
49
What had Alexeev been reassured about
on 1st March, it was agreed that the Petrograd Soviet would recognise a provisional government formed by members of the Duma and suggested that the Tsar should resign in favour of his Son, Aleksei, With Nicholas' younger brother, Mikhail, acting as regent
50
Who did Nicholas name as the new Tsar
Grand Duke Mikhail, even though he had not been consulted
51
What happened to the Tsar and his family
they were placed under house arrest, as were most of the members of the Tsar's Council of Ministers
52
how long had the Romanovs ruled Russia
304 years
53
what happened beyond Petrograd
revolutionary disturbances spread beyond Petrograd to the Kronstadt naval base just outside the city, Moscow and other industrial cities and rural areas.
54
what happened in the provinces
places like Finland, Poland, Ukraine and the Caucasus, national minorities declared their independence.
55
what happened to the army
it disintegrated into semi-independent bodies and soldiers' soviets without clear leadership and coordination.
56
what met in June 1917
An 'All-Russian Congress of Soviets' met in Petrograd, with representatives from 350 towns, villages and military bases throughout Russia
57
who did Grand Duke Mikhail relinquish political authority to
the 'provisional government'
58
who led the PG
Prince Lvov
59
who was Prince Lvov
a wealthy aristocrat and zemstvo leader
60
what did the members of the PG represent
a cross-section of the influential elites and compromised those who had formerly favoured constitutional monarchy - liberals, moderate socialists and Kadets
61
what was the original intention of the PG
to be temporary and that election would be held as soon as possible for a new Constituent Assembly that would draw up a new constitution for Russia
62
where did the PG set itself up
in the Duma chamber in the right-wing of the Tauride Palace.
63
who did not accept the PG
the mass of workers, soldiers and peasants due to it being a self-appointed committee of the wealthy
64
Where did the PG establish itself
in the left-wing of the Tauride Palace
65
who did the PG comprise of
radical socialist intellectuals, Mensheviks and SRs, but also a small number of Bolsheviks.
66
how many of the original executive committee were actually workers
seven of the first 42 committee members
67
who was a member of both the PG and Soviet
Kerensky
68
what agreement was made by Kerensky
that both bodies would work together, in dual authority
69
what promises did the PG make to the Soviet
- a general amnesty for political prisoners - civil liberties - the abolition of legal disabilities based on class, religion and nationality - freedom to organise trade unions and to strike - the election of a constituent assembly to determine Russia's future
70
what did the PG say in April
' the power of the state should be based, not on violence and coercion, but on the consent of free citizens to the power they themselves created'
71
What did the PG grant
freedom of religion and the press, abolished the death penalty at the front, replaced the Tsarist police force with a 'people's militia' and dismissed Provincial Governors, giving their work to the elected zemstva.
72
What had the Soviet's order No.1 say
that soldiers and workers should obey the PG, but only when the Soviets agreed with the PG's decisions, and there were many points of disagreements
73
what did the Soviets encourage people to do
they encouraged peasants and workers to defy authority and assert their 'rights'.
74
what did the PG and the Soviet disagree over
the war.
75
what did the PG want to do during the war
they believed that the change of regime should lead to an all-out effort to 'win' the war
76
what was the Soviet view of the war?
the war should be ended as quickly as possible 'without annexation' of territory by the Germans as the price of peace
77
what did Milyukov announce in April 1917
the government would continue fighting until a 'just peace' had been won
78
what did Milyukov's announcement do
it unleashed a storm of protest forcing Milyukov and Guchkov to resign under popular pressure led by the Petrograd Soviet in May
79
who replaced Lvov as chairman
Kerensky
80
when did Kerensky become chairman
July 1917
81
why were the PG in a near-impossible situation
The war was deeply unpopular, yet they felt bound by their alliance with Britain and France and relied on French loans for survival
82
who attracted the workers' votes in the cities
the Bolsheviks
83
What happened to the elections
they were constantly postponed and since the PG had said that key policy changes, such as land redistribution to the peasants, should await a Constituent Assembly, little got done.
84
why did the autocracy collapse
a large spontaneous breakdown of order in Petrograd and a mutiny in the Tsar's garrisons in the capital

Russian History (15 decks)

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