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Russian History > Conflict with the United States and the Capitalist West > Flashcards

Conflict with the United States and the Capitalist West Flashcards

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1
Q

what did the wartime summit conferences reflect

A

the latent disagreements between the United States, Great Britain and the USSR.

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2
Q

what was agreed in Tehran in 1943

A

the allies agreed to demand unconditional surrender from Germany, not because Britain and the US thought it a good idea (they did not) but to prevent any of them from making a separate peace with Hitler.

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3
Q

what ideological differences were there at the summit conferences

A

Stalin was critical of his Western allies for not opening a ‘second front’ in the European war, to relieve the pressure on the red army

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4
Q

What happened at the meeting between Stalin and Churchill in Moscow, late in 1944

A

it was plagued by disagreements over the future of Poland.

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5
Q

what dominated the Yalta conference

A

in Feb 1945, it was dominated by conflicting ideas about the post-war borders of Germany and Poland

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6
Q

what happened to the Potsdam Conference in July/August 1945

A

it ended with no final peace agreement. By this time, it was clear how the USSR was asserting political control over the countries it had liberated

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7
Q

what had Stalin become by the Yalta conference

A

the senior partner of the three allies: Roosevelt had died in April and been replaced as US president by Harry Truman; Churchill had lost power after the Labour Party won a landslide victory in Britain’s general election. Clement Attlee took over from Churchill midway through the conference.

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8
Q

What happened between 1946 ad 1949

A

the conflict between the Soviet bloc and the capitalist west hardened into Cold War confrontation. Attempts at diplomatic cooperation broke down in growing mutual suspicion and hostility, over a series of disagreements

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9
Q

what was the disagreement over the buffer zone

A

the allies were suspicious of soviet expansionism and the USSR’s demand for recognition of its right to have a safe ‘buffer zone’ against aggression in the future.

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10
Q

what was the long telegram

A

a report set to Washington from Moscow by the American diplomat George Kennan in Feb 1946, urging the US to take action to contain the spread of communism in Europe.

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11
Q

when and where did Churchill make his iron curtain speech

A

at Fulton, Missouri in March 1946

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12
Q

what was announced in March 1947

A

the Truman doctrine, committing the US to a policy of containment

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13
Q

what was the marshall plan

A

US aid for European economic recovery

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14
Q

what was the Soviet response to the marshal plan

A

it was hostile

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15
Q

What happened from 1948 t0 1949

A

the berlin blockade, hardening the division of Germany

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16
Q

what was formed in 1949

A

NATO

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17
Q

what is NATO

A

the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation

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18
Q

how did the soviets view NATO

A

a hostile act

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19
Q

how was the US fear of soviet expansionism exacerbated?

A

by a telegram sent to Washington from Moscow in February 1946, by the American diplomat George Kennan.

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20
Q

who was George Kennan

A

a long-serving American expert on Soviet affairs, who had been sent to Moscow after the war

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21
Q

what did George Kennan say

A

‘soviet leaders are driven by necessities of their own past and present position to put forward a dogma that pictures the outside world as evil, hostile and menacing’

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22
Q

what did Churchill speak of in his iron curtain speech

A

he spoke of ‘communist fifth columns’ in western southern Europe and advised ‘strength’ in dealing with USSR

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23
Q

how did Stalin describe Churchill’s iron curtain speech

A

‘i consider it a dangerous act, aimed at sowing discord between allied states’

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24
Q

what had happened to western Europe by early 1947

A

it was in crisis, with fears of complete economic collapse, and of political instability

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25
Q

where were communist parties’ strong

A

Italy and France

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26
Q

where was there a civil war

A

Greece

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27
Q

what was asserted in March 1947

A

the US policy of containment and rolling back of communism in the Truman Doctrine

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28
Q

what happened in June 1947

A

the united states put forward the marshall plan: a massive injection of aid to rebuild Europe. The plan was supposedly a generous offer of assistance open to all European countries

29
Q

how do many historians view the marshall plan

A

as a political weapon, deliberately designed to extend American influence

30
Q

what was Stalin’s view of the marshal plan

A

as being fundamentally hostile to Soviet interests, part of a drive towards US economic and political dominance

31
Q

what fears did Stalin express

A

that the US would rebuild the industrial economy of Western Germany, leading to a resurgence of German power.

32
Q

what were eastern bloc countries pressured to do

A

reject marshall plan

33
Q

what happened in February 1948 inside the eastern bloc

A

Kliment Gottwald, leader of the communists in Czechoslovakia, took full control of the government

34
Q

how did the west regard the events in Czechoslovakia

A

a communist coup backed by the USSR

35
Q

how was the coup in Czechoslovakia described by Stalin

A

‘victorious February’, the legitimate success of ‘anti-fascist’ politics

36
Q

what did Vyshinsky say about Marshall Plan

A

‘the so-called Truman Doctrine and the marshall plan are particularly glaring examples of the manner in which the principles of the United Nations are violated and ignored’

37
Q

what was the communist take over in Czechoslovakia and the context for

A

the Berlin crisis of 1948

38
Q

what happened in Berlin

A

there was a clear separation between the Soviet Zone and the British-American-French zones in the west.

39
Q

how was Berlin described

A

an island within the Soviet Zone

40
Q

what alarmed Stalin

A

the introduction of a separate currency in the Western zones in June 1948. The next day Stalin launched the Berlin Blockade, cutting off all road and rail links between Berlin and the west.

41
Q

what did Stalin believe about the blockade

A

that it was a trump card, as he knew the western powers were not willing to risk war

42
Q

What defeated Stalin’s plans in the Berlin Blockade

A

the berlin airlift, coordinated by the US military governor, General Lucius Clay.

43
Q

what was the berlin airlift

A

it was a massive operation by allied aircraft that flew essential supplies into West Berlin from the winter of 1948-9

44
Q

when did Stalin call off the blockade

A

after 318 days, in May 1949

45
Q

when did the cold war become fully formed

A

in 1949, when NATO was formed to defend Western Europe against Soviet aggression

46
Q

what happened in china

A

the long civil war ended with the victory of the Chinese Communist Revolution.

47
Q

what was the result of the end of the civil war in china

A

it caused shock and dismay in the US and hardened anti-communist attitudes.

48
Q

what did Stalin do in China

A

he met with Mao Zedong in Moscow to agree on a treaty of alliance.

49
Q

how did Robert Service describe the Stalin of 1953

A

an ailing despot

50
Q

what was Stalin like in 1953

A

he was increasingly unpredictable and menacing, seemingly ready to force through another wave of repression and terror.

51
Q

what was clear since the 1952 party congress

A

that Stalin was planning a purge of the ‘old guard’, with Molotov and Mikoyan especially vulnerable, but also mounting pressures against Beria. This atmosphere of fear was the contest for the climactic political events arising from the circumstances of Stalin’s death on the 5th of march

52
Q

when did Stalin die

A

5 March 1953

53
Q

what was happening on 28th Feb 1953

A

At the night, Stalin watched a film in his private cinema at the Kremlin, before going back to his dacha for a long drinking session with his inner circle, lasting until 4:00 am.

54
Q

what happened when Stalin went to his room

A

he would never emerge and was eventually found on the floor, unable to move or speak after a massive stroke.

55
Q

What came after Stalin’s death

A

conspiracy theories

56
Q

what was the most popular conspiracy theory

A

that Beria had organised the murder of Stalin by poison

57
Q

why did Stalin almost certainly die of natural causes

A

he was 73 and had suffered strokes previously, the first in 1946.

58
Q

what did Stalin’s funeral provide

A

the occasion for one last manifestation of the Stalin cult. His body was embalmed and placed in an open coffin to be viewed by hysterical crowds

59
Q

what had Stalin done to cause a leadership struggle

A

not nominated any successor; he had deliberately made it difficult for any potential contenders for the leadership. His death held to a tense power struggle from which Nikita Khrushchev was essentially to emerge as the new Soviet leader

60
Q

when was Khrushchev alive from

A

1899 - 1971

61
Q

what roles had Khrushchev held

A

he supervised the construction of the Moscow underground
he played a key role in the purges
he was a member of GKO during the war, with special responsibility for Ukraine.

62
Q

when did Khrushchev openly attack Stalin’s legacy

A

in his secret speech at the Party congress of Feb 1956.

63
Q

what did the secret speech do

A

it denounced Stalin’s great crimes and errors. It shocked party members accustomed to adulation of the Stalin myth

64
Q

what was the issue with Stalin’s legacy

A

the production of consumer goods had been underfunded and agriculture was failing to keep pace with industrial development.

65
Q

who was Svetlana Alliluyeva

A

Stalin’s own daughter

66
Q

what did Svetlana say in 1992

A

even Hitler did not kill his own people

67
Q

why would Svetlana have been biased

A

she had a stormy relationship with her father

68
Q

what did Khrushchev say about Stalin in 1956

A

like peter the great before him, Stalin fought barbarism with barbarism - but he was a great man

Russian History (15 decks)

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