The Face Flashcards
What is the origin of the orbicularis oculi muscle?
Medial palpebral ligament
Which part of the orbicularis is responsible for closing the eyelids gently?
Palpebral part
Which part of the orbicularis is responsible for closing the eyelids forcefully?
Oribital part
Which muscle has both a transverse and alar part which compresses the nasal aperture and draws the cartilage inferiorly and laterally to open the nostril?
Nasalis
Which muscle pulls the nose inferiorly?
Depressor septi
Which muscles draws down the medial angle of the eyebrows to produce transverse wrinkled over the bridge of the nose?
Procerus
What is the name of the muscle which surrounds the mouth and is important in closing the lips?
Orbicularis oris
Which muscle presses the cheek against the teeth and compresses the distended cheeks?
Buccinator
Which muscle draws the corner of the mouth inferiorly and laterally?
Depressor angel oris
Which muscle draws the lower lip downwards?
Depressor labii inferioris
Which muscle draws the upper lip upwards?
levator labii superioris
Which muscle raises the upper lip and opens the nostril?
Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi
Which muscle attaches to the anterior part of the lateral surface of the zygomatic bone?
Zygomaticus minor
Which muscle attaches to the posterior part of the lateral surface of the zygomatic bone?
Zygomaticus major
Which muscle draws the ear superiorly and anteriorly?
Anterior auricular
Which muscle elevates the ear?
Superior auricular
Which muscle draws the ear superiorly and posteriorly?
Posterior auricular
Which muscle attaches from the skin of the eyebrows to the galae aponeurotic to wrinkle the forehead and raise the eyebrows?
Frontal belly of the occipitofrontalis
Which muscle attaches from the lateral part of the superior nuchal line of the occipital bone and mastoid process of temporal bone to the galae aponeurotic to draw the scalp posteriorly?
Occipital belly of the occipitofrontalis
What is the name of the common tendon shared by the occipital and frontal bellies of the occipitofrontalis muscle?
Epicranial aponeurosis
From which artery does the facial artery arise?
External carotid artery
The facial artery runs along the mandible just anterior to the master. T/F?
True
Other than the facial artery, what is the terminal branch of the external carotid artery?
Superficial temporal artery
From which artery does the transverse facial artery arise?
Superficial temporal artery
Along which bone does the transverse facial artery traverse?
Zygomatic bone
From where does the CN VII emerge from the cranium?
Stylomastoid foramen
Which nerve is immediately given off from CN VII after it emerges from the stylomastoid foramen?
Posterior auriclar nerve
Through which gland does the facial nerve travel?
Parotid gland
What are the five bundles of terminal branches of the facial nerve?
Temporal, zygomatic, buccal, marginal mandibular and cervical
Which branch of the facial nerve crosses the zygomatic arch to supply the auricular superior, frontal belly of the occipitofrontalis and superior part of orbiculares occult?
Temporal branch
What muscles are supplied by the zygomatic branch of the facial nerve?
Inferior part of the orbicularis occult and other facial muscles inferior to the orbit
Which branch of the facial nerve innervates the buccinator and muscles of the upper lip?
Buccal branch
Which branch of the facial nerve innervates the muscles of the lower lip and chin?
Marginal mandibular branch
Which branch of the facial nerve innervates the platysma?
Cervical branch
How can facial nerve function be examined?
Inspect face for asymmetry, watch for fascinations, ask patient to raise their eyebrows, ask patient to screw their eyes tightly shut and resist you opening them, ask the patient to bare their teeth and ask the patient to blow out their cheeks with their mouth closed
How would a unilateral LMN lesion of CNVII present?
Weakness of both upper and lower facial muscles
How would a unilateral CNVII UMN lesion present?
Weakness in the lower facial muscles with relative sparing of the upper face
What are the three pairs of large salivary glands?
Parotid, submandibular and sublingual
Which muscle does the parotid gland penetrate to open into the oral cavity?
Buccinator muscle
Where do the parotid glands lie?
Shallow triangular shaped trench formed by the sternocleidomastoid muscle behind, the rams of the mandible in front and the external acoustic meatus and posterior aspect of the zygomatic arch.
Which salivary glands are the largest?
Parotid glands
Which salivary gland opens into the small sublingual papilla?
Submandibular glands
Which salivary glands are the smallest of the salivary glands?
Sublingual glands
The sublingual gland drains into the oral cavity via several small ducts which open onto…?
The crest of the sublingual fold
There is hormonal control of salivary secretion. T/F?
False
An increase in blood flow to the salivary glands causes an increase in saliva secretion. How is this mediated?
Increased parasympathetic neural activity
The superior and inferior labial branches and the lateral nasal branch are branches of which artery?
The facial artery
From which artery do the infraorbital artery, mental artery and buccal artery arise?
Maxillary artery
Which branch of the maxillary artery supplies the chin?
Mental artery
Which branch of the maxillary artery supplies the lower eyelid, upper lip and area between these structures?
Infraorbital artery
Via which branch does the internal carotid artery supply the face?
Ophthalamic artery
The facial vein drains the majority of blood from the face. Where does this vein drain to?
Internal jugular vein
The transverse facial vein follows the course fo the transverse facial artery. Where does this vein drain?
Into the superficial temporal vein
There are connections between the facial vein and the deeper intracranial veins. Why is this clinically relevant?
Infections of the face, particularly above the mouth, may spread in an intracranial direction via these anastomoses
What are the three terminal branches of CN V?
ophthalmic nerve
maxillary nerve
mandibular nerve
Which of the three terminal branches of CN V carries both sensory afferents and motor efferents?
Mandibular nerve
The ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve carries sensory information from which structures?
Eyes, conjunctiva, lacrimal glands, nasal cavity, frontal sinus, fall cerebri, upper eyelid and dorsal of the nose
The maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve carries sensory information from which structures?
Nasopahrynx, palate, nasal cavity, teeth of the upper jaw, maxillary sinus and skin covering the side of the nose, lower eyelid, cheek and upper lips
The mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve carries sensory information from which structures?
lower lip, anterior part of the external ear, external acoustic meatus, anterior two third of the tongue and teeth of the lower jaw
Which muscles are innervated by the mandibular portion of the trigeminal nerve?
Muscles of mastication - temporals, master, medial and lateral pterygoids
tensor tympani muscle
tensor veli palatini muscle
anterior belly of the digastric muscle
Describe the histology of the salivary glands?
Consists of lobules surrounded by a fibrous capsule
Ech lobule/acinus is made up of acing cells which are drained by ductules that join up to from larger ducts which lead into the mouth
myoepithelial cells extent over surface of acing
Salivary secretion is under hormonal control. T/F?
False - it is under nervous control only
What are the main constituents of parotid gland secretions?
Alpha amylase and IgA
Which salivary gland has the largest output volume?
Submandibular glands
The primary salivary secretions are isotonic as sodium is transported actively by the sodium/potassium pump and this allows secondary active transport of other electrolytes alongside the passive movement of water through what channels?
Aquaporin 5 channels
Why is the final salivary secretions hypotonic?
Because in secondary modification of the salivary secretion there is movement of ions without concomitant water movement
Why does the pH of saliva increase from 6.2 to 7.4 when salivary secretion rates are increased?
Increased salivary secretion rate allows less time for reabsorption resulting in saliva with increased sodium, bicarbonate and chloride content
In particular, the increase bicarbonate results in increased pH
What is a salivary mucocele?
A cyst which arises in connection with minor salivary glands
What is the appearance of salivary mucoceles?
Blue/translucent swelling under the lining of the mouth
How are salivary mucoceles treated?
Surgical removal
