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Head, Neck and Neurology > Development of the CNS > Flashcards

Development of the CNS Flashcards

1
Q

The CNS first appears as a thickening of the ectoderm in the region of the primitive streak. At what stage in development does this occur?

A

Week 3

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2
Q

What structures does the ectoderm give rise to?

A

CNS, PNS, sensory epithelium of the ear, nose and eye, epidermis, hair and nails, subcutaneous, mammary and pituitary glands, enamel of the teeth

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3
Q

The notochord develops in the opposite direction to the primitive streak. T/F?

A

True

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4
Q

What structure is important in inducing the development of the neuroectoderm?

A

Notochord

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5
Q

The notochord is part of the mesoderm. T/F?

A

True

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6
Q

What is the initial event in the process of neurulation?

A

Thickening of the ectoderm overlying the notochord

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7
Q

At what day in development do the neural folds approach the midline and fuse to form the neural tube?

A

Day 22

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8
Q

The median hinge points form before the dorsolateral hinge points in the development of the neural tube. T/F?

A

True

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9
Q

What type of cells link the developing neural tube with the overlying ectoderm?

A

Neural crest cells

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10
Q

The up-regulation of FGF causes inhibition of which molecule to cause induction of the neural plate?

A

BMP-4

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11
Q

In addition to FGF, which molecules can inhibit BMP-4 in neural tube development?

A

Chordin and noggin

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12
Q

During development the neural plate switched from E-cadherin to N-cadherin expression. What does this allow?

A

This allows the two ends of the neural tube to recognise each other and fuse
It also prevents fusion of the neural tube to the overlying ectoderm

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13
Q

What cell and structures do the neural crest cells give rise to?

A 
Ganglia
Schwann cells
Adrenal medulla
Melanocytes
Connective tissue in the head region
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14
Q

Neural crest cells can contribute to the craniotomy-facial skeleton. T/F?

A

True

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15
Q

Treacher Collins syndrome results in the underdevelopment of which structures due to a mutation in the TCOF-1 gene or retinoid acid exposure?

A

Zygomatic bones and ears

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16
Q

A 22q11.2 deletion can result in a cleft palate, cardiac abnormalities, abnormal faces and thyme aplasia. What is the name of this syndrome?

A

Di George syndrome

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17
Q

By which day of development does the anterior neuropore close?

A

Day 25

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18
Q

By which day of development does the posterior neuopore close?

A

day 27

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19
Q

Once the neural tube closes, the neuroeptihelial cells give rise to neuroblasts under the influence of which signalling molecules?

A

notch and delta

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20
Q

The mantle layer (which later forms the grey mater of the spinal cord) is formed by what type of cells?

A

Neuroblasts

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21
Q

In development, the marginal layer of the spinal cord in superficial to the mantle layer. T/F?

A

True

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22
Q

In development, the mantle layer goes on to form the white mater of the spinal cord. T/F?

A

False - the mantle layer forms the grey mater and the marginal layer forms the white mater

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23
Q

Which cells are formed from the neuroepithelial layer in the mantle and marginal layers and differentiate to form astrocytes and oligodendrocytes?

A

Glia blasts

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24
Q

What phagocytic cells of the CNS are derived from the vascular membrane?

A

Microglial cells

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25
Q

What spinal cord structure forms from the basal plate?

A

Ventral motor horns

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26
Q

What spinal cord structure forms from the alar plates?

A

Dorsal sensory horns

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27
Q

What structure separates the alar and basal plates of the developing spinal cord?

A

sulcus limitans

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28
Q

At what week in development do the alar and basal plates differentiate into the ventral and dorsal horns?

A

Week 7-8

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29
Q

What is the name of the dorsal midline portion of the developing spinal cord which serves as a pathway for nerve fibres to cross from one side of the spinal cord to the other?

A

Roof plate

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30
Q

What is the name of the ventral midline portion of the developing spinal cord which serves as a pathway for nerve fibres to cross from one side of the spinal cord to the other?

A

Floor plate

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31
Q

In development, from where do the dorsal nerve roots, which carry sensory fibres, originate?

A

The dorsal root ganglia, outside the spinal cord

32
Q

In what week of development do the three primary brain vesicles develop?

A

week 3

33
Q

In what week of development do the five secondary brain vesicles develop?

A

week 5

34
Q

What are the three primary brain vesicles?

A

Prosencephalon (forebrain)
mesencephalon (midbrain)
rhombencephalon (hindbrain)

35
Q

What are the two flexures which are present during early brain development?

A

Cephalic flexure and cervical flexure

36
Q

From which brain vesicle does the cerebrum develop?

A

Telencephalon

37
Q

Which primary brain vesicle does not split into two secondary vesicles?

A

The mesencephalon which forms the midbrain

38
Q

From which brain vesicle do the thalamus, hypothalamus and epithalamus develop?

A

Diencephalon

39
Q

From which brain vesicle do the pons and cerebellum develop?

A

Metencephalon

40
Q

What brain structure develops from the myelencephalon?

A

Medulla oblongata

41
Q

What condition arises from a failure of posterior neuropore closure?

A

Spina bifida

42
Q

What other condition is associated with spina bifida?

A

Hydrocephalus

43
Q

What condition arises as a result of failure of anterior neuropore closure?

A

Anencephaly

44
Q

From what cells do the meninges develop?

A

Mesenchymal and neural crest cells

45
Q

Between which days in develop do mesenchymal and neural crest cells migrate around the neural tube to start formation of the meninges?

A

days 20-35

46
Q

Where do the choroid plexuses develop?

A

Where the Pia mater and ependyma come into direct contact such as on the roof of the fourth ventricle

47
Q

Why does CSF build up in the head in spina bifida cystic?

A

Obstruction of the foramen magnum by the cerebellum

48
Q

Hydrocephalus can be treated by shunting the excess fluid from the brain ventricles to the…?

A

Peritoneal cavity

49
Q

In what day of development does the developing eye first appears as a pair of shallow grooves?

A

day 22

50
Q

From which brain vesicle do the eyes develop?

A

Diencephalon

51
Q

What is the name of the shallow grooves which are the first appearance of eye development in an embryo?

A

Optic vesicles

52
Q

What is the name of the structure from which the lens of the eye develops?

A

Lens Placode

53
Q

The placed cells become columnar and invaginated to form the optic cup. Describe the bilaminar structure of this cup?

A

The outer layer forms the pigmented layer of the retina and the inner layer forms the nervous layer fo the retina

54
Q

The potential space between the layers of the optic cup disappear as development progresses. T/F?

A

True

55
Q

Which layer of the optic cup proliferate to form rod cells, cone cells and cell bodies of neurons?

A

Inner layers

56
Q

At the rim of the optic cup, both layers of the retina give rise to which structures?

A

Iris and ciliary body

57
Q

What is produced by the ciliary body of the eye?

A

Aqueous humour

58
Q

The lens is derived from surface ectoderm. T/F?

A

True

59
Q

By which week in development does the optic cup become connected to the brain via the optic stalk?

A

week 6

60
Q

What is the name of the branch of the ophthalmic artery which passes along the choroidal fissure to supply the lens and developing retina?

A

Hyaloid artery

61
Q

What is the name of the grooves which arise on the ventral surface of the optic cup?

A

The choroidal fissure

62
Q

By which week in development does the cavity of the optic stalk disappear and the inner layer of the optic cup provide a network of neuroglia to support the optic nerve fibres?

A

Week 7

63
Q

By which week in development does the optic stalk become the optic nerve?

A

Week 9

64
Q

In week 9 of development the optic stalk becomes the optic nerve. What do the hyaloid artery and vein become?

A

The central artery and vein of the retina

65
Q

The mesenchyme around the optic cup condenses to form what structures?

A

The choroid and sclera

66
Q

What is the name of the substance which fills the posterior chamber of the eye?

A

Vitreous humour

67
Q

The eyelids form from folds of ectoderm with mesenchyme over them that grow over the cornea and fuse. What structure is formed from the inner layer of ectoderm?

A

The conjunctiva

68
Q

How do the lacrimal glands from?

A

As ectodermal buds from the upper conjunctival sac into the surrounding mesoderm

69
Q

In development, When do the eyelids separate?

A

Between months 5 and 7 of development

70
Q

What molecule is a key regulator of eye development?

A

PAX6

71
Q

SHH is responsible for eye field separation. How does it achieve this?

A

It up regulates PAX2 in the optic stalks and restricts PAX6 to the optic cup and lens

72
Q

Congenital cataracts can be caused by genetics but also by which infection during weeks 4-7 of gestation?

A

Rubella infection

73
Q

What can cause microphtalmia (small eyes)?

A

Genetic abnromalities
Intrauterine infections
Foetal alcohol syndrome

74
Q

What is the name for the absence of the eye which can be caused due to genetic or infectious factors?

A

Anopthalmia

75
Q

Why does cyclopean ( a single eye) develop?

A

Failure of the prosencephalon to divide the orbits of the eye due to mutations in SHH

Head, Neck and Neurology (24 decks)

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