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Head, Neck and Neurology > Oropharyngeal cancer > Flashcards

Oropharyngeal cancer Flashcards

1
Q

What type of cancer is most commonly seen in oropharyngeal cancer?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

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2
Q

What are the main risk factors for the development of oropharyngeal cancer?

A

Tobacco
Alcohol abuse
HPV infection

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3
Q

Unless discovered incidentally at the dentist, most oropharyngeal cancer present in advanced stages. T/F?

A

True

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4
Q

What are the symptoms of oropharyngeal cancer?

A 
Sore throat
Oral pain
Dysphagia
Weight loss
Neck mass
Trismus
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5
Q

Most patients with oropharyngeal cancer will benefit from prophylactic placement of a gastronomy tube before treatment. T/F?

A

True

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6
Q

What factors indicated locally advanced disease is oropharyngeal cancer?

A

Trismus
Inability to protrude the tongue
Presence of a large and fixed cervical node

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7
Q

What signs of field cancerisation in oropharyngeal cancer may be seen by use of a head light?

A

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

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8
Q

Base of the tongue tumours require biopsy under general anaesthesia. T/F?

A

True

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9
Q

What imaging is undertaken to establish the location size and extent of an oropharyngeal cancer?

A

CT scan

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10
Q

How are stage 1 and 2 oropharyngeal cancer treated?

A

Surgery or radiotherapy

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11
Q

How is stage 3 oropharyngeal cancer treated?

A

Surgery followed by postoperative radiotherapy or concurrent chemoradiotherapy

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12
Q

How is stage 4 B/C oropharyngeal cancer treated?

A

Chemotherapy

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13
Q

Who is involved in the MDT for the care of oropharyngeal cancer patients?

A 
ENT surgeons
Oral and maxillofacial surgeons
Oncologists
Restorative dentistry consultant
Head and neck clinical nurse specialist
Dietician
Speech therapist
Social worker
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14
Q

How soon after surgery for oropharyngeal cancer can speech and swallowing therapy begin?

A

After the suture lines are healed

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15
Q

At what point in treatment, can those oropharyngeal cancer patients receiving radiotherapy, receive speech and swallowing therapy?

A

Prior to, during and after treatment

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16
Q

The occipital lymph nodes exist near the attachment of which muscle?

A

Trapezius muscle

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17
Q

To which lymph node does lymph from the posterior scalp and neck drain?

A

Occipital node

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18
Q

Which lymph node exists posterior to the ear near the attachment of the sternocleidomastoid muscle?

A

Mastoid nodes

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19
Q

Drainage from the occipital and mastoid nodes passes to the superficial cervical nodes along which vein?

A

External jugular vein

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20
Q

Which arteries are associated with the pre-auricular and parotid nodes?

A

Superficial temporal and transverse facial arteries

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21
Q

Which nodes drain lymph from the anterior surface of the auricle, the anterolateral scalp, upper half of the face and eyelids and cheeks?

A

Pre-auricular and parotid nodes

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22
Q

Which artery is associated with the submandibular nodes?

A

Facial artery

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23
Q

To which nodes do the pre-auricular, parotid and submandibular nodes drain to?

A

Deep cervical nodes

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24
Q

The deep cervical nodes form a chain along which vein?

A

Internal jugular vein

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25
Q

Which lymph node is the most superior node in the deep cervical lymph node chain?

A

Jugulodigastric node

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26
Q

To which node does the pharyngeal part of the tongue drain to?

A

Jugulodigastric node

27
Q

To which nodes does the oral part of the tongue drain to?

A

Directy into deep cervical nodes and indirectly into these nodes through the submittal and submandibular nodes

28
Q

Which bones is the root of the tongue attached to?

A

mandible

hyoid bone

29
Q

All of the muscles of the tongue are innervated by CN XII other than which muscle which is innervated by CN X?

A

Palatoglossal muscle

30
Q

What are the four intrinsic muscles of the tongue?

A

Superior longitudinal muscle
Inferior longitudinal muscle
Transverse muscle
vertical muscle

31
Q

What is the function of the superior longitudinal muscle of the tongue?

A

Shortens tongue, curls apex and sides of tongue

32
Q

What is the function of the inferior longitudinal muscle of the tongue?

A

Shortens tongue, uncurls apex and turns it downwards

33
Q

What is the function of the transverse muscle of the tongue?

A

Narrows and elongates the tongue

34
Q

What is the function of the vertical muscle of the tongue?

A

Widens and flattens the tongue

35
Q

What are the four extrinsic muscles of the tongue?

A

Genioglossus muscle
Hyoglossus muscle
styloglossus muscle
palatoglossal muscle

36
Q

Which extrinsic tongue muscle protrudes the tongue?

A

Genioglossus muscle

37
Q

Which extrinsic tongue muscle depresses the tongue?

A

Hypoglossus muscle

38
Q

Which extrinsic muscle elevates and retracts the tongue to aid in swallowing?

A

Styloglossus muscle

39
Q

Which extrinsic muscle depresses the palate and elevates the back of the tongue?

A

Palatoglossus muscle

40
Q

Name the cartilages which make up the larynx?

A

Cricoid cartilage, thyroid cartilage, epiglottis, paired arytenoid cartilages, paired corniculate cartilages and paired cuneiform cartilages

41
Q

From which bone is the larynx suspended?

A

Hyoid bone

42
Q

Which paired cartilages articulate with the superioposterior part of the cricoid cartilage?

A

Arytenoid cartilages

43
Q

The arch of the cricoid cartilage exists anterior to the lamina. T/F?

A

True

44
Q

What is the anatomical name for the Adams apple (which is part fo the thyroid cartilage)?

A

Laryngeal prominence

45
Q

The ‘stem’ of the epiglottis articulates with which other cartilage of the larynx?

A

thyroid cartilage

46
Q

The vocal ligament attaches the the anterior angle of which laryngeal cartilages?

A

Arytenoid cartilages

47
Q

An aperture in the lateral part of what membrane allows the passage of the superior laryngeal artery, internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve and lymphatics?

A

Thyrohyoid membrane

48
Q

What is the name of the upper chamber of the laryngeal cavity between the laryngeal inlet and the vestibular folds?

A

Vestibule

49
Q

What is the function of the vestibular fold?

A

To hold breath against pressure in the thoracic cavity

50
Q

What is the name of the lower chamber of the laryngeal cavity between the vocal folds and inferior opening of the larynx?

A

Infraglottic space

51
Q

What nerve fibres innervate the geniohyoid muscle?

A

C1 fibres

52
Q

What is the function of the geniohyoid muscle?

A

Pulls hyoid bone forwards during swallowing

53
Q

The styloglossus muscle exists between the superior-posterior aspect of the tongue and the styloid process which exists on which bone of the skull?

A

Temporal bone

54
Q

The hypoglossus muscle is deep to the genioglossus muscle. T/F?

A

False - it is the other way around

55
Q

Physiologically, the jugulodiagstric and jugulomoid nodes are large. Why is this?

A

These drain the palatine and lingual tonsils respectively

56
Q

Lymph from which structures in the head and neck drains directly to deep cervical nodes?

A 
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
Larynx
Thyroid
Middle ear
Posterior part of tongue
57
Q

What lymph nodes exist within the posterior triangle of the neck?

A

Superior cervical nodes

58
Q

What is the term for an enlarged supraclavicular lymph node as the result of spread of abdominal cancer?

A

Virchow’s node

59
Q

Which cartilage of the larynx is the only one to form a complete ring?

A

Cricoid cartilage

60
Q

In which structure in the larynx would an emergency airway be inserted?

A

Cricothyroid membrane

61
Q

Where would a planned / elective airway be inserted in the neck?

A

Between tracheal cartilages 2 - 4

62
Q

Pressing on the cricoid cartilage can suppress vomiting. T/F?

A

True

63
Q

From which artery does the lingual artery arise?

A

External carotid artery

64
Q

Describe the venous drainage of the tongue?

A

This is via the deep lingual veins and the dorsal lingual vein. The dorsal lingual vein and sublingual vein come together to form the lingual vein. This all then drains to the internal jugular vein.

Head, Neck and Neurology (24 decks)

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