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Head, Neck and Neurology > Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is the name for the white matter structure in the midbrain which allows transmission of neural information between the pons and cerebrum?

A

Cerebral peduncle

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2
Q

What is the crus cerebri and what is its function?

A

The anterior portion of the cerebral peduncle which contains the motor tracts travelling from the thalamus to the pons and spinal cord

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3
Q

What is the function of the cerebral peduncles?

A

To connect the midbrain and pons to the thalamus and cerebrum
refine motor movements
learning of new motor skills
converting proprioceptive information into balance and postural maintenance

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4
Q

What fibre tracts run through the cerebral peduncles?

A

corticospinal
corticopontine
Corticobulbar

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5
Q

The superior colliculi surround which gland in the midbrain?

A

The pineal gland

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6
Q

What is the function of the superior colliculi?

A

Visual processing

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7
Q

What is the function of the inferior colliculi?

A

Auditory processing

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8
Q

What is the collective name for the superior and inferior colliculi?

A

Corpora quarigemina

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9
Q

The superior and inferior colliculi reside in the posterior aspect of the midbrain. T/F?

A

True

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10
Q

The medullary pyramids are paired white matter structures of the medulla oblongata which contain motor fibres of which tracts?

A

Corticospinal

Corticobulbar

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11
Q

What is the name for the two medullary pyramids?

A

Pyramidal tracts

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12
Q

What marks the lower boundary of the medullary pyramids?

A

The decussation point of the fibres

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13
Q

What is the function of the periaqueductal grey matter (PAG)?

A

The primary control centre for descending pain modulation, containing enkephalin producing cells which suppress pain

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14
Q

PAG is located anterior to which part of the ventricular system of the brain?

A

Cerebral aqueduct

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15
Q

The red nucleus, along with what other structure, forms the extrapyramidal motor system?

A

Substantia nigra

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16
Q

Which motor tract, responsible for involuntary movement, arises from the red nucleus?

A

Rubrospinal tract

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17
Q

What is the function of the substantial nigra?

A 
Eye movement
motor planning
reward seeking
learning
addiction
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18
Q

The olivary nuclei are involved in cerebellar motor learning function. Where are they located?

A

The olivary bodies contain the olivary nuclei and are a pair of prominent oval structures on the anterior surface of the medulla oblongata

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19
Q

The cerebral aqueduct connects the third and fourth ventricles. Where is it situated?

A

Anterior to the cerebellum

Posterior to the pons

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20
Q

What are the three columns of the reticular formation?

A

Raphe nucleus
gigantocellular reticular nuclei
parvocellular reticular nuclei

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21
Q

Which part of the reticular formation is the place of synthesis of serotonin and is therefore involved in mood regulation?

A

Raphe nuclei

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22
Q

Which part of the reticular formation is involved in motor coordination?

A

Gigantocellular nuclei

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23
Q

Which part of the reticular formation regulates exhalation?

A

Parvocellular nuclei

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24
Q

What is the name of the fibres which carry information from the primary motor cortex to the ipsilateral pontine nucleus?

A

Corticopontine fibres

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25
Q

What is the name of the narrower extension of the olfactory bulbs?

A

Olfactory tracts

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26
Q

What is the name for the red bone marrow in the skull?

A

Diploe

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27
Q

What is the name for the thin membrane which covers the pituitary stalk?

A

Diaphragm coele

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28
Q

Through which foramen does the maxillary branch of CN V leave the skull?

A

Foramen rotundum

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29
Q

Which division of CNV leaves the skull through the superior orbital fissure?

A

Ophthalmic branch

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30
Q

Through which foramen does the mandibular branch of CNV leave the skull?

A

Foramen ovale

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31
Q

The optic nerves are actually a part of the CNS. As such which supporting cell makes the myelin around this nerve?

A

Oligodendrocyte

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32
Q

Which cranial nerves all exit the skull through the jugular foramen?

A

CN IX, X and XI

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33
Q

Which cranial nerve has a spinal root which appears through the foramen magnumto enter the skull?

A

CN XI

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34
Q

Through which part of the skull do cranial nerves 7 and 8 travel?

A

Internal acoustic meatus

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35
Q

Which arteries combine to form the basilar artery?

A

Vertebral arteries

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36
Q

How do the vertebral arteries enter the skull?

A

Through foramen magnum

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37
Q

What is the name of the upwards projecting bone, close to the olfactory bulbs, to which the fall cerebri attaches?

A

Crista gali

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38
Q

The superior saggital sinus exists within what dura mater structure?

A

The falx cerebri

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39
Q

The inferior sagittal sinus is larger than the superior. T/F?

A

False - the inferior sinus is far smaller

40
Q

What is the name of the dura matter structure which provides a roof over the cerebellum?

A

Tentorium cerebelli

41
Q

What is the name of the single, midline vein which drains blood from the deep structures of the forebrain?

A

The great cerebral vein

42
Q

To which sinus does the great cerebral vein drain to?

A

Straight sinus

43
Q

What is the name of the point where the straight sinus and superior sagittal sinus meet?

A

Confluence of the sinuses

44
Q

Venous blood from the brain exits the skull, alongside CN IX, X and XI, through what structure?

A

Jugular foramen

45
Q

What is the name of the sinus to which the ophthalmic veins drain?

A

Cavernous sinus

46
Q

What is the name of the sinuses which drain blood from the cavernous sinus to the sigmoid sinus?

A

Superior and inferior petrosal sinuses

47
Q

The left transverse sinus typically drains venous blood from which sinus of the brain?

A

Straight sinus

48
Q

The right transverse sinus typically drains venous blood from which sinus of the brain?

A

Superior sagittal sinus

49
Q

On either side of the skull there are transverse venous sinuses. What is the name of the S-shaped sinuses to which these drain?

A

Sigmoid sinus

50
Q

There are connections between the right and left cavernous sinuses. T/F?

A

True

51
Q

Which cranial fosse are filled by the cerebrum?

A

Anterior and middle cranial fosse

52
Q

In which lobe of the cerebrum is the lunate sulcus situated?

A

Occipital lobe

53
Q

What are the functions of the frontal lobe?

A 
Higher intellect
personality
mood
social conduct
language
54
Q

What are the functions of the parietal lobe?

A

Language and calculation in the dominant hemisphere

visuospatial information in the non-dominant hemisphere

55
Q

What are the functions of the temporal lobe?

A

Memory and language

contains primary auditory cortex

56
Q

In which lobe of the brain is the primary visual cortex situated?

A

Occipital lobe

57
Q

Which parts of the basal ganglia form the new-striatum?

A

Caudate nucleus and putamen

58
Q

What is the name of the nucleus which exists where the caudate nuclei and putamen join?

A

Nucleus Accumbens

59
Q

What white matter structure separates the caudate nucleus from the putamen?

A

Internal capsule

60
Q

Which part of the basal ganglia forms the lateral wall of the lateral ventricle?

A

Caudate nucleus

61
Q

What structure separates the putamen from the external Globus pallidus?

A

Lateral medullary lamina

62
Q

What structure separates the external and internal Globus pallidus?

A

Medial medullary lamina

63
Q

What is the name of the thin bundle of grey mater which can be seen lateral to the putamen and is separated from the putamen by the external capsule?

A

Claustrum

64
Q

What are the two parts of the substantial nigra?

A

Pars compacta

Pars reticularis

65
Q

Within which fossa of the cranium is the cerebellum located?

A

Posterior cranial fossa

66
Q

What dura mater structure separates the cerebellum from the cerebrum?

A

Tentorium cerebelli

67
Q

What structure connects the two hemispheres of the cerebellum?

A

Vermis

68
Q

What are the three anatomical lobes of the cerebellum?

A

Anterior
Posterior
Flocculonodular lobe

69
Q

What fissure separates the anterior and posterior lobes fo the cerebellum?

A

Primary fissure

70
Q

Which fissure separates the posterior and flocculonodular lobes of the cerebellum?

A

Posterolateral fissure

71
Q

The lateral hemispheres of the cerebellum are involved in planning movements and motor learning. They receive inputs from the cerebral cortex and pontine nuclei. Where do they send their output signals to?

A

Thalamus

Red nucleus

72
Q

Which part of the cerebellum is involved in regulating body movements by allowing error correction and receives proprioceptive information?

A

Spinocerebellum

73
Q

Which part of the cerebellum is involved in controlling balance and ocular reflexes?

A

Vestibulocerebellum

74
Q

As it ascends, the midbrain travels through an opening in what dura mater structure?

A

Tentorium cerebelli

75
Q

What is the name of the part of the midbrain which exist posterior to the cerebral aqueduct?

A

Tectum

76
Q

What structure separates the cerebral peduncles into the crus cerebri anteriorly and the tegmenjtum posteriorly?

A

Substantia nigra

77
Q

What structures are contained din the Tectum of the midbrain?

A

Superior and inferior colliculi

78
Q

Which cranial nerve emerges inferiorly to the colliculi of the midbrain and is the only cranial nerve to emerge from the posterior aspect of the brainstem?

A

Trochlear nerve

79
Q

What is the name of the grey matter which surrounds the cerebral aqueduct?

A

Periaqueductal grey

80
Q

The red nuclei exists within the tegmenjtum of the midbrain at the level of the inferior colliculi. T/F?

A

False - it is at the level of the superior colliculi

81
Q

Which artery runs in a groove on the midline of the anterior aspect of the pons?

A

Basilar artery

82
Q

Fibres from what nuclei form the middle cerebellar peduncles?

A

Pontine nuclei

83
Q

The tegmenjtum of the pons is continuous with the tegmenjtum of the midbrain. T/F?

A

True

84
Q

What nuclei are contained within the tegmentum of the pons?

A

Reticular formation

85
Q

Through which foramen does the maxillary division of CNV leave the cranium?

A

Foramen rotundum

86
Q

Through which foramen does the mandibular division of CNV leave the cranium?

A

Foramen vale

87
Q

Through which foramen do CN IX, X and XI leave the cranium?

A

Jugular foramen

88
Q

Which cranial nerve is actually a part of the CNS?

A

CN II

89
Q

What is the name of the thin membrane which covers the pituitary stalk?

A

Diaphragm sellae

90
Q

What is the name for the upward projection of bone to which the fall cerebri attaches?

A

Crista gali

91
Q

What is the name for the connection between the superior sagittal sinus and the straight sinus?

A

Confluence of sinuses

92
Q

Through which foramen does venous blood exit the cranium?

A

Jugular foramen

93
Q

Infection from the eyes or upper teeth can spread through which vein to the cranial cavity?

A

Sphenoidal emissary vein

94
Q

What is the name of the single midline vein which drains into the straight sinus?

A

Great cerebral vein

95
Q

What is the name of the venous sinus to which the ophthalmic veins drain into?

A

Cavernous sinus

96
Q

What are the names of the sinuses which the cavernous sinus drains into?

A

Superior and inferior petrosal sinus

97
Q

Along which sulcus is the primary visual cortex located?

A

Calcarine sulcus

Head, Neck and Neurology (24 decks)

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