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Head, Neck and Neurology > Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is the name for the white matter structure in the midbrain which allows transmission of neural information between the pons and cerebrum?

A

Cerebral peduncle

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2
Q

What is the crus cerebri and what is its function?

A

The anterior portion of the cerebral peduncle which contains the motor tracts travelling from the thalamus to the pons and spinal cord

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3
Q

What is the function of the cerebral peduncles?

A

To connect the midbrain and pons to the thalamus and cerebrum
refine motor movements
learning of new motor skills
converting proprioceptive information into balance and postural maintenance

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4
Q

What fibre tracts run through the cerebral peduncles?

A

corticospinal
corticopontine
Corticobulbar

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5
Q

The superior colliculi surround which gland in the midbrain?

A

The pineal gland

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6
Q

What is the function of the superior colliculi?

A

Visual processing

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7
Q

What is the function of the inferior colliculi?

A

Auditory processing

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8
Q

What is the collective name for the superior and inferior colliculi?

A

Corpora quarigemina

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9
Q

The superior and inferior colliculi reside in the posterior aspect of the midbrain. T/F?

A

True

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10
Q

The medullary pyramids are paired white matter structures of the medulla oblongata which contain motor fibres of which tracts?

A

Corticospinal

Corticobulbar

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11
Q

What is the name for the two medullary pyramids?

A

Pyramidal tracts

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12
Q

What marks the lower boundary of the medullary pyramids?

A

The decussation point of the fibres

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13
Q

What is the function of the periaqueductal grey matter (PAG)?

A

The primary control centre for descending pain modulation, containing enkephalin producing cells which suppress pain

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14
Q

PAG is located anterior to which part of the ventricular system of the brain?

A

Cerebral aqueduct

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15
Q

The red nucleus, along with what other structure, forms the extrapyramidal motor system?

A

Substantia nigra

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16
Q

Which motor tract, responsible for involuntary movement, arises from the red nucleus?

A

Rubrospinal tract

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17
Q

What is the function of the substantial nigra?

A 
Eye movement
motor planning
reward seeking
learning
addiction
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18
Q

The olivary nuclei are involved in cerebellar motor learning function. Where are they located?

A

The olivary bodies contain the olivary nuclei and are a pair of prominent oval structures on the anterior surface of the medulla oblongata

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19
Q

The cerebral aqueduct connects the third and fourth ventricles. Where is it situated?

A

Anterior to the cerebellum

Posterior to the pons

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20
Q

What are the three columns of the reticular formation?

A

Raphe nucleus
gigantocellular reticular nuclei
parvocellular reticular nuclei

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21
Q

Which part of the reticular formation is the place of synthesis of serotonin and is therefore involved in mood regulation?

A

Raphe nuclei

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22
Q

Which part of the reticular formation is involved in motor coordination?

A

Gigantocellular nuclei

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23
Q

Which part of the reticular formation regulates exhalation?

A

Parvocellular nuclei

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24
Q

What is the name of the fibres which carry information from the primary motor cortex to the ipsilateral pontine nucleus?

A

Corticopontine fibres

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25
What is the name of the narrower extension of the olfactory bulbs?
Olfactory tracts
26
What is the name for the red bone marrow in the skull?
Diploe
27
What is the name for the thin membrane which covers the pituitary stalk?
Diaphragm coele
28
Through which foramen does the maxillary branch of CN V leave the skull?
Foramen rotundum
29
Which division of CNV leaves the skull through the superior orbital fissure?
Ophthalmic branch
30
Through which foramen does the mandibular branch of CNV leave the skull?
Foramen ovale
31
The optic nerves are actually a part of the CNS. As such which supporting cell makes the myelin around this nerve?
Oligodendrocyte
32
Which cranial nerves all exit the skull through the jugular foramen?
CN IX, X and XI
33
Which cranial nerve has a spinal root which appears through the foramen magnumto enter the skull?
CN XI
34
Through which part of the skull do cranial nerves 7 and 8 travel?
Internal acoustic meatus
35
Which arteries combine to form the basilar artery?
Vertebral arteries
36
How do the vertebral arteries enter the skull?
Through foramen magnum
37
What is the name of the upwards projecting bone, close to the olfactory bulbs, to which the fall cerebri attaches?
Crista gali
38
The superior saggital sinus exists within what dura mater structure?
The falx cerebri
39
The inferior sagittal sinus is larger than the superior. T/F?
False - the inferior sinus is far smaller
40
What is the name of the dura matter structure which provides a roof over the cerebellum?
Tentorium cerebelli
41
What is the name of the single, midline vein which drains blood from the deep structures of the forebrain?
The great cerebral vein
42
To which sinus does the great cerebral vein drain to?
Straight sinus
43
What is the name of the point where the straight sinus and superior sagittal sinus meet?
Confluence of the sinuses
44
Venous blood from the brain exits the skull, alongside CN IX, X and XI, through what structure?
Jugular foramen
45
What is the name of the sinus to which the ophthalmic veins drain?
Cavernous sinus
46
What is the name of the sinuses which drain blood from the cavernous sinus to the sigmoid sinus?
Superior and inferior petrosal sinuses
47
The left transverse sinus typically drains venous blood from which sinus of the brain?
Straight sinus
48
The right transverse sinus typically drains venous blood from which sinus of the brain?
Superior sagittal sinus
49
On either side of the skull there are transverse venous sinuses. What is the name of the S-shaped sinuses to which these drain?
Sigmoid sinus
50
There are connections between the right and left cavernous sinuses. T/F?
True
51
Which cranial fosse are filled by the cerebrum?
Anterior and middle cranial fosse
52
In which lobe of the cerebrum is the lunate sulcus situated?
Occipital lobe
53
What are the functions of the frontal lobe?
``` Higher intellect personality mood social conduct language ```
54
What are the functions of the parietal lobe?
Language and calculation in the dominant hemisphere | visuospatial information in the non-dominant hemisphere
55
What are the functions of the temporal lobe?
Memory and language | contains primary auditory cortex
56
In which lobe of the brain is the primary visual cortex situated?
Occipital lobe
57
Which parts of the basal ganglia form the new-striatum?
Caudate nucleus and putamen
58
What is the name of the nucleus which exists where the caudate nuclei and putamen join?
Nucleus Accumbens
59
What white matter structure separates the caudate nucleus from the putamen?
Internal capsule
60
Which part of the basal ganglia forms the lateral wall of the lateral ventricle?
Caudate nucleus
61
What structure separates the putamen from the external Globus pallidus?
Lateral medullary lamina
62
What structure separates the external and internal Globus pallidus?
Medial medullary lamina
63
What is the name of the thin bundle of grey mater which can be seen lateral to the putamen and is separated from the putamen by the external capsule?
Claustrum
64
What are the two parts of the substantial nigra?
Pars compacta | Pars reticularis
65
Within which fossa of the cranium is the cerebellum located?
Posterior cranial fossa
66
What dura mater structure separates the cerebellum from the cerebrum?
Tentorium cerebelli
67
What structure connects the two hemispheres of the cerebellum?
Vermis
68
What are the three anatomical lobes of the cerebellum?
Anterior Posterior Flocculonodular lobe
69
What fissure separates the anterior and posterior lobes fo the cerebellum?
Primary fissure
70
Which fissure separates the posterior and flocculonodular lobes of the cerebellum?
Posterolateral fissure
71
The lateral hemispheres of the cerebellum are involved in planning movements and motor learning. They receive inputs from the cerebral cortex and pontine nuclei. Where do they send their output signals to?
Thalamus | Red nucleus
72
Which part of the cerebellum is involved in regulating body movements by allowing error correction and receives proprioceptive information?
Spinocerebellum
73
Which part of the cerebellum is involved in controlling balance and ocular reflexes?
Vestibulocerebellum
74
As it ascends, the midbrain travels through an opening in what dura mater structure?
Tentorium cerebelli
75
What is the name of the part of the midbrain which exist posterior to the cerebral aqueduct?
Tectum
76
What structure separates the cerebral peduncles into the crus cerebri anteriorly and the tegmenjtum posteriorly?
Substantia nigra
77
What structures are contained din the Tectum of the midbrain?
Superior and inferior colliculi
78
Which cranial nerve emerges inferiorly to the colliculi of the midbrain and is the only cranial nerve to emerge from the posterior aspect of the brainstem?
Trochlear nerve
79
What is the name of the grey matter which surrounds the cerebral aqueduct?
Periaqueductal grey
80
The red nuclei exists within the tegmenjtum of the midbrain at the level of the inferior colliculi. T/F?
False - it is at the level of the superior colliculi
81
Which artery runs in a groove on the midline of the anterior aspect of the pons?
Basilar artery
82
Fibres from what nuclei form the middle cerebellar peduncles?
Pontine nuclei
83
The tegmenjtum of the pons is continuous with the tegmenjtum of the midbrain. T/F?
True
84
What nuclei are contained within the tegmentum of the pons?
Reticular formation
85
Through which foramen does the maxillary division of CNV leave the cranium?
Foramen rotundum
86
Through which foramen does the mandibular division of CNV leave the cranium?
Foramen vale
87
Through which foramen do CN IX, X and XI leave the cranium?
Jugular foramen
88
Which cranial nerve is actually a part of the CNS?
CN II
89
What is the name of the thin membrane which covers the pituitary stalk?
Diaphragm sellae
90
What is the name for the upward projection of bone to which the fall cerebri attaches?
Crista gali
91
What is the name for the connection between the superior sagittal sinus and the straight sinus?
Confluence of sinuses
92
Through which foramen does venous blood exit the cranium?
Jugular foramen
93
Infection from the eyes or upper teeth can spread through which vein to the cranial cavity?
Sphenoidal emissary vein
94
What is the name of the single midline vein which drains into the straight sinus?
Great cerebral vein
95
What is the name of the venous sinus to which the ophthalmic veins drain into?
Cavernous sinus
96
What are the names of the sinuses which the cavernous sinus drains into?
Superior and inferior petrosal sinus
97
Along which sulcus is the primary visual cortex located?
Calcarine sulcus

Head, Neck and Neurology (24 decks)

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