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Anatomy III > The Eye > Flashcards

The Eye Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three main layers of the eye?

A
  • The fibrous tunic, the sclera
  • The vascular tunic, the uvea (choroid)
  • The internal sensory tunic, the retina
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2
Q

What are the tarsal plates?

A

Firm plates of connective tissue consisting of collagenous fibers.

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3
Q

What kind of glands are found in the tarsal plates, and what are their function?

A

Meibomian glands. Their secretion prevent the tears from flowing over the edge of the eyelid, by altering the surface tension of tears. It also prevents the tears from evaporating.

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4
Q

What is attached to the tarsal plates?

A

Lateral and medial palpebral ligaments, superior and inferior tarsal muscles and the tendon of levator palpebrae superiors

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5
Q

What is the action of the orbicularis oculi?

A

Closing the eyes

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6
Q

Which nerve innervates the orbicularis oculi?

A

Facial nerve (VII)

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7
Q

What is the action of levator palpebrae superioris?

A

Lifting the eyelid

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8
Q

Which nerve innervates the levator palpebrae superioris?

A

Oculomotor nerve (III).

This action works against gravity, which is what closes the eyelids.

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9
Q

Which muscles of the eye does the oculomotor nerve (III) innervate?

A

All the extraocular muscles, except for the lateral rectus (abducens) and superior oblique (trochlear)

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10
Q

Which openings does the nerves of the eye enter the orbit through?

A

All the nerves enter through the superior orbital fissure, except for the optic nerve

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11
Q

What nuclei does the oculomotor nerve have?

A
  • Nucleus of oculomotor nerve (somatomotor)

- Accessory nuclei of oculomotor nerve (Westphal-Edinger) (general visceromotor)

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12
Q

Which muscles are innervated by the superior branch of the oculomotor nerve?

A
  • Levator palpebrae superioris

- superioris rectus

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13
Q

Which muscles are innervated by the inferior branch of the oculomotor nerve?

A
  • medial rectus
  • inferior rectus
  • inferior oblique
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14
Q

What does the fibers coming from the Westphalia-Edinger nucleus innervate via the trochlear nerve? (Parasympathetic/general visceromotor)

A
  • Ciliary muscle

- Sphincter pupillae

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15
Q

What does the trochlear nerve innervate?

A

The superior oblique

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16
Q

What does the abducens nerve innervate?

A

Lateral rectus

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17
Q

How many extra-ocular muscles are there?

A

Six, four rectus and two oblique

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18
Q

What is abduction and adduction of the eye?

A

Moving the eye away from and towards nose. Rotation along a vertical axis.

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19
Q

What is elevation and depression of the eyes?

A

Moving the eyes up and down. Rotation around a horizontal axis.

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20
Q

What is inward and outward rotation of the eyes?

A

Rolling the upper eyeball towards the nose and towards the temple. Rotation along a sagittal axis.

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21
Q

What does the medial rectus muscle do?

A

Adduction.

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22
Q

What does the lateral rectus do?

A

Abduction of the eyes

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23
Q

What does the superior rectus do?

A

Elevate the eyes

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24
Q

What does the inferior rectus do?

A

Depresses the eyeball

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25
Q

What does the superior oblique do?

A

Rotates upper pole of the eyeball inward and slightly abducts

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26
Q

What does the inferior oblique do?

A

Rotates the upper pole of the eye outwards and slightly abducts.

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27
Q

Where does the lacrimal gland lie?

A

Above the lateral angle of the eye.

It is situated in the lacrimal fossa of the frontal bone.

28
Q

Into which parts is the lacrimal gland divided?

A

It is divided by the tendon of the levator muscle into an orbital part and a palpebral part.

29
Q

To where does the lacrimal fluid drain?

A

Superior and inferior lacrimal puncta, which leads to the superior and inferior canaliculi.

30
Q

To where does the nasolacrimal duct go?

A

Inferior nasal meatus

31
Q

What is the function of blinking?

A

It ensures uniform moistening of the eyes and it also has a sucking effect on the flow of tears by expanding and constricting the nasolacrimal duct.

32
Q

Which fibers innervate the lacrimal gland?

A

Sympathetic fibers originating from the superior cervical ganglion.

Parasympathetic fibers from superior salivatory nucleus (greater petrosal nerve), that travels via pterygopalatine ganglion. It then continues as the zygomatic nerve to the lacrimal gland, acting via Ach and VIP.

33
Q

What is the conjunctiva?

A

The conjunctiva is the mucous membrane of the eyes. It lines the inner surface of the eyelids.

34
Q

What are the parts of the eyelids?

A
  • palpebral

- bulbar

35
Q

What is the fornix of the conjunctiva?

A

The superior and inferior portion of the conjunctiva where it reflects upon itself.

36
Q

Which nerves innervate the conjunctiva?

A

The long ciliary nerves (opthalmic branch of trigeminal)

37
Q

How many layers are the cornea?

A

Five

  • epithelium
  • Bowman’s membrane
  • stroma
  • Descemet’s membrane
  • endothelium
38
Q

What kind of epithelium is the corneal epithelium?

A

Squamous non-keratinized 5-6 cell layers.

39
Q

What are the cellular and non-cellular components of the corneal stroma?

A

Lamellae of collagen fibrils arranged parallel to each other. Interfibrillar spaces are about 50 nm. The collagen fibrils in the adjacent layer are arranged perpendicular to each other.

In the stroma nuclei of fibroblasts (keratocytes) can be seen.

The extracellular matrix contains proteoglycans (lumican, keratocan), which are responsible for the regulation of the uniform fibril diameter.

The stroma is completely avascular and has no melanocytes.

40
Q

What is the vascular supply of the cornea?

A

The cornea is completely avascular!

Nutrients and oxygen are diffused from tears or aqueous humor.

41
Q

Which nerve innervates the cornea?

A

The cornea is extremely sensitive. It is supplied by the long ciliary nerves, which branch off the opthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve.

42
Q

Where is the aqueous body located?

A

Anterior and posterior chambers of the eye

43
Q

What generates the aqueous humor?

A

The nonpigmented epithelium of the ciliary processes

44
Q

Where does the aqueous humor drain to?

A

The trabecular meshwork at the iridocorneal angle. Venous sinuses of the sclera, called canals of Schlemm, drain the aqueous humor into episcleral veins that then transport it to the systemic circulation.

45
Q

What are the functions of aqueous humor?

A
  • maintain the intraocular pressure

- provide nutrients to the avascular structures of the eye

46
Q

What are the two layers of the iris?

A
  • mesodermal stroma

- ectodermal posterior aspect (iridal part of retina)

47
Q

What are the muscles of the iris?

A 
Sphincter pupillae (constriction)
Dilator pupillae (dilation)
48
Q

What nerve innervates the sphincter pupillae?

A

The parasympathetic part of the oculomotor nerve

49
Q

What innervates the dilator pupillae?

A

Sympathetic nerves of the neck.

50
Q

What are the sympathetic and parasympathetic actions of the iris (pupil size)?

A

Parasympathetic constrict the pupil (sphincter pupillae)

Sympathetic dilates the pupil (dilator pupillae)

51
Q

How many cavities are there in the eye?

A

Three:

  • Anterior chamber (cornea, iris and lens)
  • Posterior chamber (forms a ring around the lens)
  • The interior of the eye (vitreous body)
52
Q

What is the role of the ciliary body?

A

The muscles of the ciliary body control the curvature of the lens, and hence the visual acuity.

The ciliary epithelium of the ciliary processes produce the aqueous humor. The nonpigmented portion of the ciliary body produce the vitreous body.

53
Q

What are the fibers that connect the ciliary body and the lens called?

A

Zonular fibers.

54
Q

What is the innervation of the ciliary body?

A

Parasympathetic innervation is by the oculomotor nerve. The nerves travel through the ciliary ganglion. The postsynaptic fibers after the ciliary ganglion are called the short ciliary nerves. Parasympathetic activation causes ciliary muscle contraction.

The ciliary body also receives sympathetic innervation

55
Q

What “fibers” does the ciliary muscle consist of?

A

Meridional fibers and circular fibers

56
Q

What are the two different vascular systems of the eye?

A

Ciliary arteries and central retinal artery (both arising from the opthalmic artery)

57
Q

What arteries supply the vascular tunic of the eyeball?

A

The posterior ciliary arteries (arising from the opthalmic artery).

58
Q

What are the roles of the vascular system of the eye?

A
  • supply nutrients and oxygen

- maintain intraocular pressure and tension of eyeball

59
Q

What does the long posterior ciliary nerves do?

A

They penetrate the sclera close to the optic nerve. They create the greater arterial circle of the iris, from where arteries radiate to create the lesser arterial circle of the iris.

60
Q

What does the short posterior ciliary arteries supply?

A

They form the vascular plexus of the choroidea, which extend form the posterior wall of the eyeball to the ora serrata. The inner choroid layer have especially wide capillaries, the choriocapillary layer, and borders on the pigmented epithelial layer of the retina.

61
Q

What does the anterior ciliary arteries supply?

A

They branch in the episcleral tissue and conjunctiva.

62
Q

What is the venous drainage of the eye?

A

The veins unite to form four posterior ciliary veins, or vorticose veins, which pierce the sclera posteriorly.

63
Q

What does the central artery supply?

A

Supplies the inner surface of retina. It runs in the middle of the optic nerve together twitch the central retinal vein

64
Q

What is the papilla of the optic nerve?

A

The blind spot. This is where all the nerve fibers of the retina combine to leave the eye as the optic nerve. The central artery divides into several branches in the papilla.

65
Q

What is the macula?

A

The yellow spot. This is the area of highest visual acuity. It contains a small depression in the center, the central fovea.

Anatomy III (8 decks)

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