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BIO II > The Eye > Flashcards

The Eye Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

2 things that occur in vision:

A

1) transforming light rays into an electrical impulse

2) forming a color image

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2
Q

2 Functions of the eye:

A

1) collects light rays

2) via the lens, all light rays need to be focused at the level of the retina

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3
Q

3 Layers of the Outer wall of the eye:

A

1) Fibrous tunic: clear & Cornea
2) vascular tunic: choroid & Iris (lots of blood vessels, regulates size of pupil)
3) Sensory Tunic: contains the retina (sensory layer) & pigmented layer

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4
Q

what is contained in the retina?

A

rods and cones

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5
Q

What is outside of the wall of the eyes, follows the surface of the cornea and then folds back and follows the side of the eyelid?

A

Conjunctiva

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6
Q

What can be caused as a result of the conjunctiva being swollen?

A

Conjuntivitis (pink eye)

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7
Q

Which layer covering the eye is the vascular tunic?

A

Choroid. The blood vessels get smaller and smaller as they spread forward to the front of the eye.

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8
Q

The iris:

A

the only portion in the front of the eye that has blood vessels, restricting to form the iris

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9
Q

The Retina:

A

the sensory tunic. where rods and cones are located

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10
Q

Rods:

A

different levels/intensity of light, greyscales

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11
Q

Cones:

A

Color vision

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12
Q

Entire area in front of the lens is called:

A

the anterior compartment

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13
Q

Entire area behind the lens is called:

A

the posterior compartment

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14
Q

Name of fluid in the posterior compartment?

A

Vitreous Humor: gelatinous mass. it does not move, does not change and remains the same.

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15
Q

Name of fluid in the anterior compartment:

A

Aqueous Humor: like water, very liquidy. Continuously being changed, cycled.

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16
Q

What is the term for the bending of light?

A

Refraction, helps us form a nice clear crisp image

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17
Q

Why is the Aqueous Humor continuous being cycled?

A

This is due to the cornea. It needs an oxygen supply. But most of it can diffuse across the conjunctiva. But it also needs a nutrient supply. Is a blood filtrate, containing glucose to feed the cornea.

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18
Q

What provides nutrients to the iris?

A

Blood vessels in the Iris most provide nutrients to the iris.

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19
Q

Glaucoma:

A

an eye disease in which the pressure (due to the liquid) inside the eye becomes too high. Tunnel vision can result, due to the constriction of tiny blood vessels. Peripheral vision will disappear.

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20
Q

Functions of the Accessory structures of the eye:

A

1) protect
2) lubricate
3) move
4) aid in eye function

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21
Q

Accessory structures of the eye:

A

Eyelids, eyelashes, eyebrows (the bone that forms the ridge) lacrimal apparatus, extrinsic eye muscles and conjunctiva.

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22
Q

Function of the eyebrow:

A

casts a shadow over the eye, since its easier to look from the dark to the light.

23
Q

Function of the eyelid:

A

moveable protective coverings, blink 25x per minutes.

24
Q

Function of blinking:

A

To keep the spreading of tears across the surface, and to keep a large object from entering eye

25
Q

Function Eyelashes:

A

Keep out dust particles

26
Q

How many muscles needed to move an eye?

A

6

27
Q

Where are the collection/drain of debris from tears located?

A

in the puncta of the eye

28
Q

Which two extrinsic eye muscles can you not contract at the same time?

A

Lateral recti

29
Q

Pigmented Retina:

A

the black matrix in which images are formed against.

30
Q

What is located in the cow’s, deer, cats eye, and is basically like a piece of tinfoil and light bounces everywhere, to aid in light vision?

A

Tapetum Lucidum

31
Q

Which two sections does the retina contain?

A

1) Sensory Retina

2) Pigmented Retina

32
Q

Which three things does the Sensory Retina contain?

A

1) Photo Receptor layer: rods and cones
2) Bipolar Neurons
3) Ganglionic Neurons

33
Q

Which way does the action potential move in the retina, and what is this called?

A

Opposite the direction of light, and indirect retina.

34
Q

What is the dendritic portion of rods and cones called?

A

Discs, membrane folded back and forth for a huge surface area, for plenty of Rhodopsin molecules

35
Q

Which molecules located in the discs of rods and cones are sensitive to light?

A

Rhodopsin molecules

36
Q

Which two molecules are rhodopsin made up of?

A

Opsin and Retinal

37
Q

How is the Rhodopsin molecule opened?

A

by light to start the action potential

38
Q

With an open gated Na+ channel, what is the mV level of the resting membrane potential in the retina?

A

-30 mV

39
Q

So the gated sodium channel closes when what molecule opens?

A

the Rhodopsin molecule opens and is released

40
Q

What causes the Rhodopsin molecule to open?

A

when light hits it

41
Q

What builds up when exposed to darkness?

A

The rhodopsin molecules. They’ll be extra sensitive to light when exposed to light again. Good for night vision, taking longer to adapt to sensitivity to light.

42
Q

What is another way to adapt to light levels?

A

Pupil size regulation. It’s quicker than rhodopsin molecules. the Iris constricts the size of the pupil. When the iris relaxes, the pupil dilates. Allows a lot or a little amount of light.

43
Q

What view you a specific sight of color?

A

Different percentages of colored cones

44
Q

What provides distinct shading and shadowing?

A

Different percentages and levels of rods

45
Q

If the lens is flattened, more bent, the image is…

A

Further away

46
Q

If the lens is thickened, or less bent, the image is….

A

Closer

47
Q

What happens to the image when it comes through the lens?

A

It is projected onto the retina upside down, and the brain flips it over.

48
Q

What is another name for nearsightedness?

A

Myopia

49
Q

What is another name for farsightedness?

A

Hyperopia

50
Q

What happens in myopia?

A

The clear focal point is in front of the retina. Light rays coming in through the lens in nearsightedness do not reach the retina, causing the light to scatter and causing the image to be blurry.

51
Q

How does the concave lens correct myopia?

A

Since the light coming through the lens is scattered before the image hits the retina, if the light rays are pushed out before the retina, then the light will move closer to the retina, then the image will become clear.

52
Q

What happens in hyperopia?

A

When the image comes into he eye, the focusing doesn’t finish and it keeps going.

53
Q

How does the convex lens fix hyperopia?

A

It focuses the light rays closer together as it enters the lens in order to finish/shorten the focal point as it reaches the retina.

BIO II (7 decks)

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