THE EXTENT OF & REASONS FOR ECONOMIC CHANGE: AGRICULTURE & INDUSTRY Flashcards
What were those who worked on the land viewed as?
Second-class citizens.
What was a success and a limitation of the first 5YP?
S: Significant increases in the output of heavy industry.
L: Consumer industries were neglected.
What was a success and a limitation of the second 5YP?
S: Over 4500 new enterprises were started.
L: Consumer industries continued to decline.
What was a success and a limitation of the third 5YP?
S: Production and productivity in heavy industry continued to be impressive.
L: Russia’s entry into the war led to a division of resources to fuel the war effort.
What was a success and a limitation of the seventh 5YP?
S: Substantial increase overall in production of a range of goods.
L: The rate of growth on production had slowed down.
What was the main issue for the peasants under the Tsars?
Land redistribution policies never met the rising expectations of the peasants.
What was the main issue for the peasants under the Communists?
All land was appropriated and it was managed by the state.
What happened in 1891?
Famine under Vyshnegradsky.
What was Stolypin’s aim in his agricultural policies?
To use land redistribution to build and strengthen a class of more educated peasants.
What was established agriculturally in 1883?
Unused or poorly utilised land was made available to the Peasant Land Bank.
What were peasants who were still farming strips allowed to do under Stolypin?
Due to the strength of the mir were given the right to consolidate their land into smallholdings.
How many peasants had left the village commune by 1914?
2 million
What was a limitation of the PG in agricultural policies?
Did little to resolve land issues.
What did the peasants do in the July Days?
Seized land by force.
What was a major feature of war communism?
The forceful taking of grain from peasants who had supposedly hoarded surpluses.
What were committees of the village poor set up with the sole aim of?
Denouncing kulaks and ‘unleash a class war’.
How was a kulak defined in 1925?
A pesant who owned at least three cows.
Why were the kulaks initially respected?
For being not afraid to voice concerns about peasant working and living conditions.
How were farms managed in collectivisation?
Managed so that land was utilised in the optimum way to ensure that nobody starved.
What did the famine of 1927-8 push Stalin towards?
Mass collectivisation.
What was Stalin’s wish through mass collectivisation?
‘socialism in the countryside’.
Who were wealthier peasants ‘visited’ by?
Komosomols and plenipotentiaries.
How many kulak families were deported from the beginning of 1928 to the end of 1930?
Between 1 million and 3 million kulak families.
What did Stalin believe dekulakisation created?
A ‘class war in the countryside’.
What was the result of collectivisation?
Formation of either Kolkhozy or Sovkhozy.
What was the issue with collectivisation in Kazakhstan?
Virtually destroyed the nomadic way of life.
What happened to the population of Kazakhstan within a few years?
Fell by 75%.
What did Stalin blame situations such as the population decrease of Kazakhstan on?
Regional officials, who he claimed were ‘dizzy with success’.
What did the move back towards intensive collectivisation result in? What had happened to this figure by the end of 1937?
About 50% of all peasants once again being brought together, in Kolkhozy. Increased to 93%.
What were the MTS’ responsible for?
Distributing seed, collecting grain, establishing levels of payment for produce.
What disturbed collectivisation?
The famine of 1932-4.
How many peasant households worked on collectivises by 1941?
98%
What was one of the key reasons for peasant resistance in 1930?
The abolition of the mir was considered a major blow to autonomy.
What did the famine of 1932-4 suggest?
That many collectives were likely to contribute to food shortages rather than relieve them.
How did Khrushchev place more emphasis on the organisation of agricultural production?
Change in role of the Ministry of Agriculture, from being involved in planning and implementing policy to that of an advisory body and the abolition of MTS.
What tainted Khrushchev’s drive to increase incentive in agriculture?
The disaster years of 1962 and 1963, with bad weather and bad harvest.
What year was the Virgin Lands Scheme introduced?
1954.
How many acres of land were given over to production in 1950 compared to 1964?
1950 = 96 million 1964 = 165 million
How was the approach to using ‘virgin soil’ flawed?
The land was overused with little attention paid to crop rotation.
How much did grain production fall within a year to 1963?
Fell to 107 million tonnes compared with 140 million tonnes in the previous year.
