THE EXTENT OF & REASONS FOR ECONOMIC CHANGE: AGRICULTURE & INDUSTRY

Question 1

What were those who worked on the land viewed as?

Answer 1

Second-class citizens.

Question 2

What was a success and a limitation of the first 5YP?

Answer 2

S: Significant increases in the output of heavy industry.
L: Consumer industries were neglected.

Question 3

What was a success and a limitation of the second 5YP?

Answer 3

S: Over 4500 new enterprises were started.
L: Consumer industries continued to decline.

Question 4

What was a success and a limitation of the third 5YP?

Answer 4

S: Production and productivity in heavy industry continued to be impressive.
L: Russia’s entry into the war led to a division of resources to fuel the war effort.

Question 5

What was a success and a limitation of the seventh 5YP?

Answer 5

S: Substantial increase overall in production of a range of goods.
L: The rate of growth on production had slowed down.

Question 6

What was the main issue for the peasants under the Tsars?

Answer 6

Land redistribution policies never met the rising expectations of the peasants.

Question 7

What was the main issue for the peasants under the Communists?

Answer 7

All land was appropriated and it was managed by the state.

Question 8

What happened in 1891?

Answer 8

Famine under Vyshnegradsky.

Question 9

What was Stolypin’s aim in his agricultural policies?

Answer 9

To use land redistribution to build and strengthen a class of more educated peasants.

Question 10

What was established agriculturally in 1883?

Answer 10

Unused or poorly utilised land was made available to the Peasant Land Bank.

Question 11

What were peasants who were still farming strips allowed to do under Stolypin?

Answer 11

Due to the strength of the mir were given the right to consolidate their land into smallholdings.

Question 12

How many peasants had left the village commune by 1914?

Answer 12

2 million

Question 13

What was a limitation of the PG in agricultural policies?

Answer 13

Did little to resolve land issues.

Question 14

What did the peasants do in the July Days?

Answer 14

Seized land by force.

Question 15

What was a major feature of war communism?

Answer 15

The forceful taking of grain from peasants who had supposedly hoarded surpluses.

Question 16

What were committees of the village poor set up with the sole aim of?

Answer 16

Denouncing kulaks and ‘unleash a class war’.

Question 17

How was a kulak defined in 1925?

Answer 17

A pesant who owned at least three cows.

Question 18

Why were the kulaks initially respected?

Answer 18

For being not afraid to voice concerns about peasant working and living conditions.

Question 19

How were farms managed in collectivisation?

Answer 19

Managed so that land was utilised in the optimum way to ensure that nobody starved.

Question 20

What did the famine of 1927-8 push Stalin towards?

Answer 20

Mass collectivisation.

Question 21

What was Stalin’s wish through mass collectivisation?

Answer 21

‘socialism in the countryside’.

Question 22

Who were wealthier peasants ‘visited’ by?

Answer 22

Komosomols and plenipotentiaries.

Question 23

How many kulak families were deported from the beginning of 1928 to the end of 1930?

Answer 23

Between 1 million and 3 million kulak families.

Question 24

What did Stalin believe dekulakisation created?

Answer 24

A ‘class war in the countryside’.

Question 25

What was the result of collectivisation?

Answer 25

Formation of either Kolkhozy or Sovkhozy.

Question 26

What was the issue with collectivisation in Kazakhstan?

Answer 26

Virtually destroyed the nomadic way of life.

Question 27

What happened to the population of Kazakhstan within a few years?

Answer 27

Fell by 75%.

Question 28

What did Stalin blame situations such as the population decrease of Kazakhstan on?

Answer 28

Regional officials, who he claimed were ‘dizzy with success’.

Question 29

What did the move back towards intensive collectivisation result in? What had happened to this figure by the end of 1937?

Answer 29

About 50% of all peasants once again being brought together, in Kolkhozy. Increased to 93%.

Question 30

What were the MTS’ responsible for?

Answer 30

Distributing seed, collecting grain, establishing levels of payment for produce.

Question 31

What disturbed collectivisation?

Answer 31

The famine of 1932-4.

Question 32

How many peasant households worked on collectivises by 1941?

Answer 32

98%

Question 33

What was one of the key reasons for peasant resistance in 1930?

Answer 33

The abolition of the mir was considered a major blow to autonomy.

Question 34

What did the famine of 1932-4 suggest?

Answer 34

That many collectives were likely to contribute to food shortages rather than relieve them.

Question 35

How did Khrushchev place more emphasis on the organisation of agricultural production?

Answer 35

Change in role of the Ministry of Agriculture, from being involved in planning and implementing policy to that of an advisory body and the abolition of MTS.

Question 36

What tainted Khrushchev’s drive to increase incentive in agriculture?

Answer 36

The disaster years of 1962 and 1963, with bad weather and bad harvest.

Question 37

What year was the Virgin Lands Scheme introduced?

Answer 37

1954.

Question 38

How many acres of land were given over to production in 1950 compared to 1964?

Answer 38

1950 = 96 million
1964 = 165 million

Question 39

How was the approach to using ‘virgin soil’ flawed?

Answer 39

The land was overused with little attention paid to crop rotation.

Question 40

How much did grain production fall within a year to 1963?

Answer 40

Fell to 107 million tonnes compared with 140 million tonnes in the previous year.