LIMITATIONS ON PERSONAL, POLITICAL AND RELIGIOUS FREEDOM Flashcards
How did the Tsars and Communists control personal freedoms?
By using the legal system.
How were people generally allowed to exercise free will?
As long as it did not conflict with the interests of autocracy and totalitarian rule.
When was the only exception in limitation on personal freedom?
The PG, when a more tolerant approach was adopted towards grass-roots political activism.
What did Orthodox and non-Orthodox religion remain under?
State control across the period.
Why was the Orthodox Church important to the Tsars?
It acted as a useful form of social control.
What did the communists see religion as?
The ‘opium of the people’.
What did the Bolsheviks make in response to the Orthodox Church bringing back patriarchy?
‘Decree on the Separation of the Church from the State and School from the Church’.
What anti-religious pressure group was formed in 1925?
The League of Militant Godless.
How many working Orthodox churches were there by 1938? In comparison to 1930?
1938 - only 16 working Orthodox Churches.
1930 - 224 working Orthodox Churches.
What was introduced in the Twenty-second Party Congress of 1961?
A new ‘moral code’ which was essentially a substitute for the Bible.
What did a law of 1883 give Old Believers the right to do? Though what did it ban?
Meet in their houses of prayer but banned any public promotions of their belief.
What did Nicholas modify the law of 1883 to include? When did he modify it?
April 1905, allowed Orthodox believers to convert to other Christian denominations.
What campaign was launched in 1958?
Anti-religious campaign. Meant that religious activity of any kind was under scrutiny unless it was conducted in an ‘official place’.
When was religion officially considered ‘unscientific’?
1958.
