THE EXTENT OF AND REASONS FOR SOCIAL CHANGE Flashcards
What was much of the population growth due to?
‘natural rate of growth’
What was the period of biggest population increase?
From 1870 to 1914 and during the inter-war period.
What was the Russian population in 1858 in comparison to 1960?
1858 = 74 million 1960 = 212 million
What did industrialisation cause?
Urbanisation and increasing numbers of people moving to big cities, in particular St Petersburg and Moscow.
When were civil marriages for peasants introduced?
Not until after the October Revolution.
What scheme was introduced in 1944 to encourage a rise in birth rate?
‘Distinctions to Mother Heroines’ whereby women who at any one time had 10 or more children were given substantial economic reward.
When was abortion legalised in Russia?
1926.
What did the legalisation of abortion result in? When were later restrictions lifted?
Fall in birth rates, resulting in restrictions which were later lifted in 1955.
What did the legalisation in abortion result in? When were later restrictions lifted?
Fall in birth rates, resulting in restrictions which were later lifted in 1955.
What was the hierarchical structure of Russian society from 1855 to 1917?
Similar, with the Tsar and nobility making up 2% of the population, followed by the clergy and ‘middle classes’ and lastly the lower class that made up 80% of the population.
What began to emerge among some peasant industrial workers?
An ‘aristocracy of labour’.
How many people made up the middle class in 1914? Why were they a significant group?
2 million in 1914.
Presented an increasing threat to the power enjoyed by the nobility and aristocracy.
What was soviet communism characterised by in society?
A hierarchical bureaucracy led by a small elite, which governed over the people.
How many workers were promoted to managerial positions by the 1930s?
1.5 million
Who introduced free secondary schooling for all?
Khrushchev.
How many of the army recruits by the mid-1860s were literate?
Only 7%
Who did AII place responsibility for the expansion of elementary education under?
The Zemstva.
Who took away the Zemstva’s power over education in 1870?
Dimitri Tolstoy, Minister for Education.
What did the first Duma, under NII, announce a plan for? How was this limited?
‘Universal primary education’ to be achieved by 1922. Limited by WW1 and the 1917 revolutions.
How much of the primary school-age population attended school by 1914?
51%
Who was the first commissar for education?
Lunacharsky.
What aim of NII did Stalin carry out in 1930?
Made primary school attendance compulsory for all up to the age of twelve.
How many children attended primary school in 1929? Compared to 1930?
1929 = 8 million pupils. 1930 = 18 million pupils.
What ‘new code’ did AII introduce for secondary schools?
Allowed for the continuation of traditional gymnasia provision alongside modern ‘real’ gymnasia.
What happened to the number of pupils attending secondary school from 1855 to 1865?
Doubled.
How did the conservatives under Tolstoy react to ‘modern’ gymnasia?
Campaigned for universities to only accept pupils who attended the classic gymnasia; that is, children of the nobility.
How many pupils attended secondary school in 1931? Compared to 1932? What do these figures reflect?
1931 = 2.5 million
1932 = 6.9 million
Reflect a growth in vocational education.
What type of secondary schools did Khrushchev revert to?
Schools based on the polytechnic model.
What did Stalin introduce for schools in 1939?
Scrapping of all school fees.
What were students at St Petersburg University accused of in 1861?
Sedation (anti-tsarist activity) and were punished by having a range of privileges withdrawn.
What did a statute of 1863 reinstate?
A large degree of autonomy to universities.
How many university institutions were there by the end of the nineteenth century? How many students did these cater for?
Nine institutions catering for 16,500 students.
How did repression meet a new level under Stolypin?
All non-academic meetings in all universities made illegal.
