THE EXTENT OF AND REASONS FOR SOCIAL CHANGE Flashcards
What was much of the population growth due to?
‘natural rate of growth’
What was the period of biggest population increase?
From 1870 to 1914 and during the inter-war period.
What was the Russian population in 1858 in comparison to 1960?
1858 = 74 million 1960 = 212 million
What did industrialisation cause?
Urbanisation and increasing numbers of people moving to big cities, in particular St Petersburg and Moscow.
When were civil marriages for peasants introduced?
Not until after the October Revolution.
What scheme was introduced in 1944 to encourage a rise in birth rate?
‘Distinctions to Mother Heroines’ whereby women who at any one time had 10 or more children were given substantial economic reward.
When was abortion legalised in Russia?
1926.
What did the legalisation of abortion result in? When were later restrictions lifted?
Fall in birth rates, resulting in restrictions which were later lifted in 1955.
What did the legalisation in abortion result in? When were later restrictions lifted?
Fall in birth rates, resulting in restrictions which were later lifted in 1955.
What was the hierarchical structure of Russian society from 1855 to 1917?
Similar, with the Tsar and nobility making up 2% of the population, followed by the clergy and ‘middle classes’ and lastly the lower class that made up 80% of the population.
What began to emerge among some peasant industrial workers?
An ‘aristocracy of labour’.
How many people made up the middle class in 1914? Why were they a significant group?
2 million in 1914.
Presented an increasing threat to the power enjoyed by the nobility and aristocracy.
What was soviet communism characterised by in society?
A hierarchical bureaucracy led by a small elite, which governed over the people.
How many workers were promoted to managerial positions by the 1930s?
1.5 million
Who introduced free secondary schooling for all?
Khrushchev.
