The Evolution of Eukaryotes:

Question 1

What is a pellicle?

Answer 1

a thick, outer covering of the cell. This covering is outside the plasma membrane.
(Pellicle is elastic and gives Euglena particular swimming characteristics.)

Question 2

What is multiple fission?

Answer 2

• It is the splitting of one cell into multiple (more than two) cells
• (It is an asexual reproductive process)

Question 3

What is budding?

Answer 3

It refers to the outgrowth of a new cell from the surface of an old one

• (It is an asexual reproductive process)
• Still doing Mitosis (identical clones of parents)

Question 4

What are psuedopods?

Answer 4

also know as false feet, psuedopods are extensions of the cytoplasm that are used for locomotion and feeding.

-They move in a blobby way b/c cytoskeleton proteins.

Question 5

what are aveoli?

Answer 5

• It is a sac under an Alveolates plasma membrane

- Which may play a role in supporting the cell surface.

Question 6

what is red tide?

Answer 6

results from an overpopulation of toxic dinoflagellates.

Question 7

what is conjugation?

Answer 7

• in conjugation, bacteria cells form a “mating bridge” between the two cells and genetic information passes from one cell to the other.
• two individuals line up tightly against each other and fuse in the oral groove region of the body.

Question 8

What is the basic idea behind the Endosymbiotic Theory?

Answer 8

• Lynn Margulis in 1966
• The theory purposes that certain organelles are the descendants of prokaryotes engulfed, but not digested, by ancient eukaryotic cells.

Question 9

What, historically, was the purpose of the taxon Kingdom Protista?

Answer 9

is a formal taxonomic group, a convenience term for, “all the eukaryotes that are not plants, animals, or fungi.”

Question 10

Within that kingdom, what was the major criterion for determining the phylum to which a protistan species belonged?

Answer 10

n

Question 11

What are characteristics of eukaryotic cells that distinguish them from prokaryotic cells?

Answer 11

membrane-bound organelles and nucleus

Question 12

Which organelle do biologist believed evolved first: the mitochondrion or the chloroplast? Why do they think that is true?

Answer 12

mitochondrion

Question 13

What are the four typical cell surfaces of protists?

Answer 13

• Plasma membrane:
• cell walls:
• Pellicle:
• Shells/tests:

Question 14

For protists that have macronuclei, what is the function of the macronucleus?

Answer 14

to regulate the life o the cell

Question 15

What is the function of the micronucleus?

Answer 15

• Is essential for genetic recombination.

- (its a typical eukaryotic nuclei)

Question 16

What is the role of the micronucleus during conjugation?

Answer 16

The role of the micronuclei is to form macronuclei through a series of dramatic chromosomal rearrangements.

Question 17

Is conjugation a sexual reproduction? why or why not?

Answer 17

Conjugation is a sexual process, but is not a reproductive one.

Question 18

What is autotrophic?

Answer 18

can produce its own food

Question 19

What is heterotrophic?

Answer 19

relies on some other source of carbon for it to make energy.

Question 20

What are protists?

Answer 20

They are Eukaryotes that are not plant, animal, or fungi.

Question 21

When did Eukaryotes come about?

Answer 21

About 1.5 BYA

Question 22

Photosynthesis arose approximately how long ago?

Answer 22

2.8 BYA

Question 23

What are some other Eukaryotic innovations?

Answer 23

• flexible surface (high surface~volume)
• Cytoskeleton
• Digestive vacuoles
• Chloroplast / Mitochondria

Question 24

What are the important events that were involved in the origin of the modern eukaryotic cell?

Answer 24

• The origin of a flexible cell surface
• The origin of a cytoskeleton
• The origin of a nuclear envelope, which enclosed a genome organized into chromosomes
• The appearance of digestive vacuoles
• The acquisition of certain organelles via endosymbiosis

Question 25

All alveolates are:

Answer 25

-unicellular

Question 26

The cell wall of the protists main component is?

Answer 26

cellulose

-Cell wall is outside the plasma membrane

Question 27

What’s the benefit to an organism for its cells to have high surface area-to-volume ratios?

Answer 27

More efficient diffusion at cellular level

Question 28

Primary way to classify protists?

Answer 28

By their method of locomotion:

• flagella
• cillia
• pseudopods

Question 29

Bacteria does not have DNA kept in the nucleus, where do they keep their genetic material?

Answer 29

In the Nucleoid, (not all bacteria have capsules)

Question 30

Flexible surface in Eukarytoes are for what?

Answer 30

Allows high surface are to volume ratio= more space

Question 31

Habitats for Protists:

Answer 31

• Aquatic (marine or freshwater)
• body fluids of hosts
• damp soils
• feces (giardia)

–ALL ARE FOUND NEAR MOISTURE!!!

Question 32

Protists Reproduction:

Answer 32

Asexual

• Binary fission
• budding
• spores

Question 33

What are spores?

Answer 33

• Specialized cell that can grow into a new individual

- emerge from capsulates

Question 34

Which organelle is responsible for digestion of cell nutrients/food?

Answer 34

Lysosome

Question 35

Describe the Eukarytoic innovation of the Cytoskeleton?

Answer 35

-Its important functions include:
 Providing cellular shape
 Internal movement of organelles 
-micro-filaments
-intermediate filaments
-microtubules: (Cillia and flagella)

Question 36

Modes of nutrition for Protists:

Answer 36

• Autotrophs: requires photosynthetic pigments to absorb energy
• Heterotrophs: getting food source/nutrients from outside source
• SOME ARE BOTH AUTOTROPHIC && HETEROTROPHIC!!!!!

Question 37

The Former “kingdom Protista”:

Answer 37

• Alveolates
• Stramenophiles
• Rhizaria
• Excavates
• Amoebozoans