Phylogeny and Systematics:

Question 1

What is Synapomorphy (AKA a shared derived trait) ?

Answer 1

A trait that arose in the ancestor of a phylogenetic group and is present (sometimes in modified form) in all of its members, thus helping to delimit and identify that group.

Question 2

What is a clade?

Answer 2

A monophyletic group made up of an ancestor and all of its descendants.

Question 3

What is the “ingroup”?

Answer 3

In a phylogenetic study, the group of organisms of primary interest.

Question 4

What is convergent evolution?

Answer 4

Independent evolution of similar features from different ancestral traits.

Question 5

What is the “Outgroup”?

Answer 5

In phylogenetics, a group of organisms used as a point of reference for comparison with the groups of primary interest.

Question 6

What is Phylogeny?

Answer 6

The evolutionary history of a particular group of organisms or their genes.

Question 7

What is a Phylogenetic tree?

Answer 7

A graphic representation of lines of descent among organisms or their genes.

Question 8

What is Binomial Nomenclature?

Answer 8

A taxonomic naming system in which each species is given two names
-A genus name followed by a species name.

Question 9

What is a derived trait?

Answer 9

A trait that differs from the ancestral trait.

Question 10

What are systematics?

Answer 10

The scientific study of the diversity and relationships among organisms.

Question 11

What is an ancestral trait?

Answer 11

• The trait originally present in the ancestor of a given group
• May be retained or changed in the descendants of that ancestor

Question 12

What is a node?

Answer 12

Branch point that represents common ancestors in a clade.

Question 13

What is a root?

Answer 13

A root is the common ancestors all organisms on a Phylogenic Tree

Question 14

What are homologous features/characters?

Answer 14

Any feature shared by two or more species that have been inherited from a common ancestor.

Question 15

What are analogous features/characters?

Answer 15

similar features/characters that do not share a common ancestor.

Question 16

What is an ancestral character?

Answer 16

an originating trait that evolves and has traits derived from it.

Question 17

What is a derived character?

Answer 17

is a character that has evolved from an ancestral character.

Question 18

What is systematics?

Answer 18

The study and classification of biodiversity

Question 19

What are sister species?

Answer 19

two species that share a common node

Question 20

Who is considered to be the :Father of Classification”?

Answer 20

Carolus Linnaeus developed his classification scheme in the mid-1700s

Question 21

What were Linnaeus’s key features of his classification scheme?

Answer 21

developed a two name system(bionomial nonmenclature) to classify a species by first naming the genus group and then the species to identify the species of a group.
(Ex. Homo sapiens)

Question 22

Name the major taxa of the modern classification scheme, from inclusive (Domain) to restricted (species)?

Answer 22

• Domain
• Kingdom
• Phylum
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• species

Question 23

How are organisms classified on a Phylogenetic Tree?

Answer 23

they are arranged based on sharing of homologous features:
Anatomical structures
DNA sequences
behavior patterns
protein structures

Question 24

What is evolutionary reversal?

Answer 24

evolving from a character that is derived from an ancestral character, that evolves back into an ancestral character.

Question 25

What evidence is consider when a systematist constructs a phylogenetic tree?

Answer 25

• Morphological Features
• Developmental Features
• Paleontology
• behavior
• Molecular Data

Question 26

What book did Carolus Linneaus in the late 1750s?

Answer 26

Systema Naturae