The eukaryotic cell Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three stages that a eukaryotic cell goes through

A
  • interphase
    -mitosis
    -cytokinesis
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2
Q

interphase

A

when the cell grows and the chromosomes duplicate. It has three phases. G1 and S and G2. The phase between divisions.

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3
Q

mitosis

A

when sister chromatids are separated and two nuclei are formed.

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4
Q

cytokinesis

A

formation of two daughter cells

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5
Q

describe the process of interphase

A

it is the first and longest stage

it synthesises DNA, proteins and organelles.

Substages include
-G1
-S
-G2

The cell is able to exit during G1 and enter in GO which is a resting stage.

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6
Q

G1

A

the cell grows in cytosol volume, it synthesises proteins so that DNA can replicate as well as replicate organelles.

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7
Q

S

A

DNA is replicated and chromosomes become two sister chromatids

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8
Q

somatic cell

A

a cell that isn’t reproductive and has two sets of chromosomes.

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8
Q

diploid cell

A

a cell or an organism that contains to sets of chromosomes

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9
Q

G2

A

the cell continues to grow in preparation for mitosis.

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10
Q

stages of mitosis

A
  • prophase
  • metaphase
  • anaphase
  • telophase
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11
Q

prophase

A

The nucleolus disappears during EARLY PROPHASE Centrioles separate.

chromatins are condensed around histones. They form chromosomes and become visible. during PROPHASE. the nuclear membrane breaks down.

LATE PROPHASE- centrioles have arrived at the poles.

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12
Q

metaphase

A

Spindle fibers attach to the centromere of each chromosome and line them along the equator.

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13
Q

anaphase

A

spindle fibers contract and shorten and the centromere is split. The sister chromatids are pulled away. They are now chromosomes as the chromatids have separated.

LATE ANAPHASE is when the chromosomes have reached the pole of the cell. the spindle fibres will then begin to disappear.

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14
Q

Telophase

A

nuclear membranes are formed around each nucleus as well as two nuclei.

chromosomes are packed together (decondensed).

a contractile ring forms in the cell and attachs to the cell membrane. When contracts it creates a cleavage furrow.

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15
Q

cytokinesis

A

the cytoplasm divides.

organelles are distributed and then separate into two identical daughter cells. it’s NOT A STAGE OF MITOSIS.

the contractile ring contracts and deepens the cleavage furrow.

now G1 will begin.

16
Q

Regulation of cell cycles and the three checkpoints.

A

the cell will inspect itself and try to detect errors before proceeding to the next stage. They occur in
- G1
- G2
- Metaphase

17
Q

G1 checkpoint in the cell cycle

A

it verifies the size of the cell and makes sure it has synthesized enough proteins for the DNA replication process.

18
Q

G2 checkpoint in the cell cycle

A

make sure that the DNA has been replicated correctly and it has enough resources for mitosis.

19
Q

Metaphase checkpoint in the cell cycle

A

checks the formation of the spindle fibers and the cell’s chromosome is in the right spot.

20
Q

kinetochore fibers

A

proteins that connect to chromosomes

21
Q

what do mitochondria’s and chloroplast divide by

A

binary fission.