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Germany > The Establishment and early years 1918-24 > Flashcards

The Establishment and early years 1918-24 Flashcards

1
Q

War economy

A

Introduction of requistioning and then rationing
Long queues for food. malnutrition and starvation were common

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2
Q

How many children died of starvation in 1916

A

80,000- harsh winter of 1916-17 made shortages worse

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3
Q

Social discontent

A
  • profiteers and black marketeers grew wealthy- rich did not suffer like the majority
    -wave of strikes across Germany in 1917
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4
Q

Losing morale

A

Bitterness and resentment at the sacrifice and hardship that people faced through the war fuelled social and political unrest- even in the armed forces

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5
Q

Bolshevik Revolution 1917

A

In Russia- alarmed political elites across europe- showed a small group of Bolshevik revolutionaries possible to overthrow an autocratic monarchy

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6
Q

Chancellor in October 1918

A

Ludendorff persuaded the Kaiser to make Prince Max Germanys Chancellor- he had credibility with the military and civilians and could bring the SPD into government

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7
Q

Kiel mutiny. Unrest spreads- date

A

31st October 1918

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8
Q

Max hands chancellorship to SPD leader Ebert and the Kaiser abdicates and flees to the Netherlands

A

9th November 1918

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9
Q

Ebert-Groener Pact

A

Nov 10th 1918

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10
Q

New german government sign the armistice

A

11 Nov 1918

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11
Q

Chancellor Ebert

A
  • brought members of the more radical USPD into the government
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12
Q

Groener and Eberts agreement

A

Groener guaranteed the army and civil service would support Eberts government if it supported the officer corps and protected the army’s food supply

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13
Q

Germany’s left-wing parties

A

SPD,USPD,KPD- tended to attract more working class voters- believed in greater economic and social equality ( more taxation to spend on public services)

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14
Q

Germany’s centre parties

A

DDP,Zentrum,- pro-Weimar Republic, a more equal distribution of wealth and some taxation for public services

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15
Q

Germany’s right wing parties

A

DVP,DNVP- conservative low taxation and traditional values

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16
Q

Political turmoil

A
  • USPD left 1918
    -Spartacist revolt January 1919
    -Left wing parties split
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17
Q

January 1919 elections

A

-KPD boycotted
SPD-38%
Z/BVP-20%
DDP-19%

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18
Q

Reichstag

A
  • democratic, parliamentary republic- vote every 4 years for a new parliament and every 7 for president
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19
Q

Proportional Representation

A

Encouraged political participation by giving influence to minority views

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20
Q

Presidential Powers

A
  • appointing or dismissing chancellor
    -dissolving reichstag
    -calling for new elections
    -commanding the army
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21
Q

Article 48

A

Emergency decree- allowed the president to rule by decree(Ebert used 136 times)

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22
Q

Reichsrat

A

Reichsrat- second chamber of federal government, could advise the Reichstag and reject new laws but could be overruled by Reichstag-67 members

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23
Q

Lander

A
  • ran major services like education and police-17 members
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24
Q

Strengths of Weimar Constitution

A
  • highly democratic
    -No one party could dominate without over 50% of the vote
    -More peoples interests were reflected in government
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25
Weaknesses of the Weimar Constitution
- Germany had no experience of this level of democracy -Conditions gave minority parties the balance of power
26
Woodrow Wilsons 14 points
- self determination, free trade, settle disputes and ensure peace through collective security
27
What does Hite and Hinton 2000 say about the expectation of the Paris Peace conference
Germany hoped the Fourteen Points would lead to a fair peace, they were in for a major shock
28
The big 4
Britian, France, Italy, USA- France had been attacked by Germany twice and wanted it permanently weakened to ensure security
29
November Criminals
-The new german government signed the Treaty of Versailles- Germany opinion called it a Diktat and branded those who signed it as November Criminals
30
Treaty of Versailles
-Germanys army had been demobilised - May 1919 Germany was presented with a list of non-negotiable demands - Loss of Saarland- coal/sudetenland -Demilitarisation- cut to 100,000 troops- no tanks, military aircraft, submarines -Rhineland demilitarised
31
Article 231
War Guilt Clause- made Germany accept responsibility for starting the war and led to Germany paying reparations- 6.6 billion
32
Attitudes to the T OF V
France- invasions- wanted to weaken Germany Britain- important trading partner- had to pay heed to popular opinion
33
Impact of T OF V
- Damaged national pride -The new Weimar republic was associated with signing it- stab in the back myth
34
Influenza epidemic
Caused greater casualties than the war and was worsened by malnourishment and low standards of living
35
What did the loss of territories mean?
led to a reduction of raw material and markets for German goods
36
Inflation
- Printing more money without economic growth led to inflation- the currency loses value, so more money is demanded for goods
37
French occupation of the Ruhr
- As Germany fell behind its reperation payments. France invaded the Ruhr - The German government ordered the workers to stop working (passive resistsance)- still had to pay unemployment and welfare benefits but with no income from the Ruhr hyperinflation got worse
38
When was passive resistance called off?
Stresemann ended it in September 1923
39
New currency
Rentenmark- November 1923- 1 trillon marks swapped for 1 Rentenmark- end of hyperinflation
40
Effect of hyperinflation bad
- Money lost all value -Fixed incomes and savings became worthless -Affected mainly the middle class
41
Effect of hyperinflation good
- People who held money in foreign currencies -Fixed rents -German government beneffited
42
When was the French occupation of the Ruhr
French and Belgian troops invaded the Ruhr in January 1923- economic activity halted
43
Imperial Youth Welfare Act
1922- all children had the right to an education and the Lander set up youth offices for child protection
44
Welfare benefits
-Maximum working week of 48hrs in 1919 -Unemployment benefits-1923
45
Left wing Sparticists 1919
-Led by Luxemburg and Liebknecht- army and friekorps suppressed the revolt
46
Friekorps
-paramilitary groups of nationalist ainti-republican people
47
Stahlhelm
right-wing, nationalist, monarchist parliamentary group
48
When was the assassination of Erzberger
1921
49
When was the assassination of Ratheneau- founded the DDP
1922- negotiated the Treaty of Rapallo with the USSR
50
When was the Kapp Putsch and what was it?
1920- right wing coup- 12,000 Freikorps troops marched on Berlin- army refused to fire on the Friekorps -Eberts government fled - leaders were tried and given death sentences
51
Munich Putsch, when? aim?
1923-Hitler and Lundendorff planned to march on Berlin and overthrow the Weimar republic
52
What happened at the Munich Putsch
-Hitler and SA took control of a right wing meeting in a Munich beer hall - The leaders promised loyalty and Ludendorff let them go (failure)while the SA failed to seize the Munich army - They still marched on Munich- Ludendorff believed that the army would support them because of his reputation -16 Nazis and 4 police were killed and Ludendorff and Hitler were arrested
53
Consequences of the Munich Putsch
- Ludendorff was acquitted -Hitler was given a light sentence -Nazi party was banned and Hitler was banned from public speaking
54
1924 elections
The nazi party was the third largest party in Bavaria
55
Issues that affected chancellors
- Votes of no confidence -Collpasing coalitions -issues concerning Versailles
56
eberts office
Nov 1918-Feb 1419- became president
57
schiedemanns office
feb 1919-june 1919- refused to sign t of v
58
bauer office
June 1919-march 1920- after Kapp Putsch
59
muller office
march 1920-june 1920 - elections
60
Cuno's office
Nov 1922-August 1923- SPD vote of no confidence
61
Stresemanns office
August-Nov 1923- SPD vote of no confidence
62
Luthers office
Jan 1925-May 1926
63
Stresemanns 100 Days 1923
- reduced public spending -new currency ended -ends passive resistance
64
Article 25
Power to dissolve the reichstag
65
Stinnes-legen agreement
encouraging workers rights and 8 hour working days
66
Ebert groener pact
-help through any revolution -democratic army
67
Stab in the back theory
Popular conspiracy theory, Germany was defeated because it was betrayed at home

Germany (6 decks)

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