The Endocrine System: Part 2 Flashcards
The adrenal glands are located _____ and are also know as _____.
superior to the kidneys; suprarenal glands
The adrenal glands are _____ in size and weigh _____.
3x3x1; 5g
The adrenal glands consist of an _____ and an _____.
outer cortex and an inner medula
The _____ of the adrenal glands produces _____ of _____ hormones from within _____ of the cortex.
cortex; 3 different types of steroid; 3 zones
The _____ (or _____) of the adrenal glands produces _____ and _____.
medulla (or inner layer); epinephrine and norepinephrine
The cortex (or _____) is split into three _____. The outermost is _____, the middle one is _____ and the innermost one is _____.
outer layer of the adrenal glands; zones;
zona glomerulosa; zona fasciculata; zona reticularis
Zona glomerulosa, which is the _____ of the _____, secretes _____.
outer zone; adrenal gland; mineralocorticoids
Zona fasciculata, which is the _____ of the _____, secretes _____.
middle zone; adrenal gland; glucocorticoids
Zona reticularis, which is the _____ of the _____, secretes _____.
inner zone; adrenal gland; androgens
____% of mineralocorticoid activity is due to _____.
95%; aldosterone
Mineralocorticoids function primarily _____ by _____ and by _____.
salt balance by increasing reabsorption of Na+ with Cl-, bicarbonate and water following it and by promoting excretion of K+ and H+
Aldosteronism
Hypersecretion of aldosterone leads to the retention of Na+ and water in the blood and causes hypertension.
_____% of the hormonal activity of glucocorticoids is due to _____.
95%; cortisol
Glucocorticoids function to _____ by _____.
help regulate glucose metabolism by increasing the rate of gluconeogenesis, providing resistance to stress, raising BP and having anti-inflammatory effects
Gluconeogenesis
The breakdown of proteins and fats to form glucose.
Glucocorticoids provide resistance to stress by _____.
making nutrients available for ATP production
Glucocorticoids raise BP by _____;
vasoconstriction
Glucocorticoids can have an anti-inflammatory effects by _____.
reducing the release of histamine from mast cells, decreasing capillary permeability, and depressing phagocytosis
Androgens are _____.
small amounts of male hormones produced
The effect of androgens in males is _____.
insignificant
_____ may contribute to sex drive in females.
Androgens
_____ are converted to _____ in postmenopausal women.
Androgens; estrogen
Medulla cells (or _____) receive direct innervation from _____ and develop from _____.
chromaffin cells; the sympathetic nervous system; the same tissue as postganglionic neurons
Hormones of the adrenal medulla are _____. and cause _____
sympathomimetic; fight-or-flight behavior
Sympathomimetic
The effect mimic those of the sympathetic NS
The pancreas is _____ located _____ that can be classified as _____.
flattened organ located posterior and slightly inferior to the stomach; both an endocrine and an exocrine gland
The pancreas consists of _____ (or _____) and _____ called _____.
pancreatic islets (or islets of Langerhans) and clusters of cells called acini
Acini
A cluster of enzyme-producing exocrine cells in the pancreas.
The pancreas is split into 3 parts: _____, _____, and _____.
the head, body and tail
Cells in _____ of the pancreas produce _____.
acini; digestive enzymes
_____ cells in pancreatic islets (or _____) produce _____.
Endocrine; islets of Langerhans; hormones
The pancreatic islets (or _____) are made of 4 types of cells: _____, _____, _____, and _____.
islets of Langerhans; alpha cells, beta cells, delta cells and F cells.
Alpha cells comprise _____% of the pancreatic islets and produce _____.
20%; glucagon
Beta cells comprise _____% of the pancreatic islets and produce _____.
70%; insulin
Delta cells comprise _____% of the pancreatic islets and produce _____.
5%; somatostatin
F cells of the pancreatic islets and produce _____.
pancreatic polypeptides
Regulation of Glucagon and Insulin:
1) Hypoglycemia stimulates _____ to secrete _____.
2) _____ acts on _____ (_____) to start _____ and _____.
3) The _____ released by the _____ raises the blood glucose back to a normal level.
4) If blood glucose levels continue to rise, _____ inhibits the release of _____.
5) Hyperglycemia stimulates _____ to secrete _____.
6) _____ acts on various body cells to accelerate _____ into cells, speed up _____ and _____, increase _____ and increase _____, and to slow down _____ and _____.
7) Blood glucose levels _____.
8) If blood glucose levels continue to fall, _____ inhibits the release of _____.
1) alpha cells; glucagon
2) Glucagon acts on hepatocytes (liver cells) to start glycogenolysis and glyconeogenesis.
3) glucose; hepatocytes
4) hyperglycemia; glucagon
5) beta cells; insulin
6) Insulin; accelerate facilitated diffusion of glucose into cells, speed up glycogenesis and lipogenesis, increase the uptake of amino acids and increase protein synthesis, and to slow down glycogenolysis and glyconeogenesis
7) fall
8) hypoglycemia; insulin
The ovaries produce _____.
estrogen, progesterone, relaxin and inhibin
Estrogen is released by _____ and _____.
the ovaries and assists in the development of oocytes
Progesterone is released by _____ and _____.
the ovaries and prepares the uterus for implantation
Relaxin is released by _____ and _____.
the ovaries and relaxes the pubic symphesis and cervix for delivery
Inhibin is released by _____ and _____.
the ovaries and the testes and inhibits FSH
The testes produce _____.
testosterone and inhibin
Testosterone is produced _____ and _____.
in the testes and regulates sperm production and male sexual characteristics