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A&P Exam 5 > The Endocrine System: Part 1 > Flashcards

The Endocrine System: Part 1 Flashcards

0
Q

Endocrine glands include…

A 
Pituitary 
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Adrenal
Pineal
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1
Q

Hormones help regulate…

A 
Extracellular fluid
Metabolism
Biological clock
Contraction of cardiac and smooth muscle
Glandular secretion
Some immune functions 
Growth and development 
Reproduction
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2
Q

The organs that secrete hormones as a second function are…

A 
Hypothalamus
Thymus
Pancreas
Ovaries
Testes
Kidneys
Stomach
Liver
Small intestine
Skin
Heart
Placenta
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4
Q

Target cells have a specific _____ to which hormones bind

A

Protein or glycoprotein receptor

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5
Q

Receptors are constantly being _____ to help regulate the cell’s response

A

synthesized and broken down

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6
Q

Drugs are…

A

synthetic hormones that block the receptors for particular naturally occurring hormones

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7
Q

Hormones bind to receptors _____ and may cause the cell to _____.

A

on the cell’s surface or inside the target cell

synthesize new molecules, change permeability of the membrane or alter rates of reactions

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8
Q

At liver cells, insulin _____ but at adipocytes it _____.

A

stimulates glycogen synthesis

stimulates triglyceride synthesis

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9
Q

Hormones that travel in the blood and act on _____ are called _____ or _____.

A

distant target cells

circulating hormones or endocrines

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10
Q

Hormones that act _____ without first entering the bloodstream are called _____.

A

locally

local hormones

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11
Q

Paracrines

A

Local hormones that act on neighboring cells

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12
Q

Autocrines

A

Local hormones that act on the same cell that secreted them

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13
Q

Lipid soluble hormones include…

A

steroids, thyroid hormones and nitric oxide

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14
Q

Water soluble hormones include…

A

amines, peptides, proteins and glycoproteins, and eicosanoids

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15
Q

Steroids are _____ derived from _____

A

lipids

cholesterol

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16
Q

The _____ of steroids provide uniqueness.

A

different functional groups attached to the core of the structure

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17
Q

Thyroid hormones are made of _____ and are _____-soluble.

A

a tyrosine ring plus attached iodines

lipid

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18
Q

Nitrous oxide is _____ that _____.

A

a gas

acts as a local hormone in several tissues

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19
Q

Amines, peptides and protein hormones are _____ and are _____-soluble.
Some examples include…

A

modified amino acids or amino acids put together

water

serotonin, melatonin, histamines and epinephrine as well as some glycoproteins

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20
Q

Eicosanoids are _____ and include _____.

A

derived from arachidonic acid

prostaglandins and leukotrienes

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21
Q

Protein hormones are _____-soluble and _____ in the blood.

A

water

circulate in free form

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22
Q

Steroid (_____) and thyroid hormones must attach to _____ synthesized by _____.

A

lipid

transport proteins

the liver

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23
Q

_____ and _____ hormones have a slow loss of hormones within the kidneys and create a reserve.

A

Steroid (lipid) and thyroid

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24
Q

Free fraction

A

A hormone is not bound to a transport protein

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25
Q

Only _____% of _____ hormones are free fraction

A

0.1 - 10%

steroid (lipid) and thyroid

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26
Q

_____ hormones bind to and activate receptors within cells

A

Lipid-soluble

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27
Q

When a receptor is activated by a lipid-soluble hormone it _____ which results in _____. They then _____ which results in _____

A

alters gene expression

the formation of new proteins

alter the cell’s activity

the physiological responses of those hormones

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28
Q

A lipid-soluble hormone diffuses through _____ and binds to the receptor which _____. New _____ is formed and _____ which _____.

A

the phospholipid bilayer into the cell

turns specific genes on/off

mRNA

directs synthesis of new proteins

alter the cell’s activity

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29
Q

Water-soluble hormones alter a cell’s function by _____ which _____.

A

activating plasma membrane receptors

sets off a cascade of events inside the cell

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30
Q

First messenger

A

The water-soluble hormone that binds to the cell membrane receptor

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31
Q

When the _____ of a water-soluble hormone binds to the _____ receptor, the protein/hormone complex activates _____ which activate _____. A _____ (_____) is released _____ where hormone response takes place.

A

first messenger

cell membrane

G-protein

adenylate cyclase

second messenger (cAMP)

inside the cell

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32
Q

Can water-soluble hormones diffuse plasma membranes?

A

No

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33
Q

Hormone receptors for water-soluble hormones are _____ that act as _____.

A

integral membrane proteins

first messengers

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34
Q

Adenylate cyclase converts _____ into _____ which _____

A

ATP into cyclic AMP

activates protein kinases

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35
Q

Protein kinases _____ which _____ that produce the physiological response

A

phosphorylate enzymes which catalyze reactions

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36
Q

A _____ binds to the membrane receptor and _____ which _____. The_____ converts _____ into _____ which _____. The _____ then _____ that produce _____.

A

water-soluble hormone

activates G-protein which turns on adenylate cyclase.

adenylate cyclase converts ATP into cyclic AMP which activates protein kinases

protein kinases then phosphorylate enzymes which the catalyze reactions that produce the physiological response

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37
Q

Permissive effect

A

A second hormone strengthens the effects of the first.

Example: thyroid hormone increases receptors for epinephrine.

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38
Q

Synergistic effect

A

Two hormones acting together for greater effect

Example: estrogen and LH are both needed for oocyte production

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39
Q

Antagonistic effect

A

Two hormones act with opposite effects

Example: insulin promotes glycogen formation and glucagon stimulates glycogen breakdown

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40
Q

Hormone secretion is regulated by _____.

A

signals from the nervous system, chemical changes in the blood or by other hormones

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41
Q

Negative feedback control

A

decrease.increase in blood level is reversed

42
Q

Positive feedback control

A

the change produced by the hormone causes more hormone to be released

43
Q

Disorders involve either _____ or _____ of a hormone.

A

hyposecretion or hypersecretion

Example: human growth hormone (HGH) and dwarfism vs. gigantism

44
Q

The hypothalamus is the _____ between _____.

A

major integrating link between the nervous and endocrine systems

45
Q

The hypothalamus receives input from _____.

A

the cortex, thalamus, limbic system and internal organs

46
Q

The hypothalamus controls the _____ with _____.

A

pituitary gland with different releasing factors and inhibiting factors

47
Q

The _____ and _____ regulate virtually all aspects of _____

A

hypothalamus and the pituitary gland

growth, development, metabolism, and homeostasis

48
Q

The pituitary gland is also known as…

A

the master gland

49
Q

The pituitary gland is located _____ and is differentiated into the _____ (_____) and _____ (_____).

A

in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone

anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) and the posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)

50
Q

The pituitary gland is a _____ gland found _____ and attaches _____ via the _____.

A

pea-shaped, 1/2 inch

in the sella turcica of the sphenoid

to the brain via the infundibulum (stalk)

51
Q

The pituitary gland is split into the _____ (_____) which makes up _____% of it and the _____ (_____) which makes up the remaining _____%

A

anterior lobe (adenohypophysis); 75%

posterior lobe (neurohypophysis); 25%

52
Q

Neurohypophysis

A

The ends of axons of 10,000 neurons found in the hypothalamus

53
Q

_____ enter the blood and travel through _____ before entering the anterior pituitary at _____.

A

Hypothalamic controlling hormones; portal veins; capillaries

54
Q

The anterior pituitary hormones are…

A 
Human growth hormone (HGH)
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Prolactin (PRL)
Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
55
Q

Human growth hormone (HGH) is secreted by…

A

somatotrophs

56
Q

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is secreted by…

A

thyrotrophs

57
Q

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is secreted by…

A

gonadotrophs

58
Q

Luteinizing hormone (LH) is secreted by…

A

gonadotrophs

59
Q

Prolactin (PRL) is secreted by…

A

lactrotrophs

60
Q

Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) is secreted by…

A

corticotrophs

61
Q

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) is secreted by…

A

corticotrophs

62
Q

_____ is the most plentiful anterior pituitary hormone.

A

Human growth hormone (HGH)

63
Q

HGH acts _____ on tissues by _____ from _____.

A

indirectly; promoting secretion of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) from the liver, skeletal muscle, cartilage and bone

64
Q

HGH increases _____ by _____ and it also _____ blood sugar.

A

cell growth and division by increasing their uptake of amino acids and synthesis of proteins; raises

65
Q

Diabetogenic effect

A

Excess HGH can lead to diabetes because it raises blood sugar

66
Q

Thyroid-stimulating hormone stimulates _____ as well as _____ the metabolic rate.

A

the synthesis and secretion of T3 and T4; increases

67
Q

In females, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) _____.

A

initiates the formation of follicles within the ovary and stimulates follicle cells to secrete estrogen

68
Q

In males, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) _____.

A

stimulates sperm production in the testes

69
Q

In females, luteinizing hormone (LH) stimulates _____.

A

ovulation of the oocyte (egg) from the ovary, formation of corpus luteum, secretion of progesterone and secretion of estrogen.

70
Q

In males, luteinizing hormone (LH) stimulates _____.

A

the testes to secrete testosterone

71
Q

Prolactin (PRL), together with other hormones, _____. It stimulates _____.

A

initiates and maintains milk secretion by the mammary glands

breast growth, mammary gland development and milk production

72
Q

Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) controls _____ called _____ by stimulating _____.

A

the production of hormones called glucocorticoids by stimulating the cells of the adrenal cortex that produce them

73
Q

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) _____ although _____. It is stimulated by the same _____ that stimulates _____.

A

increases skin pigmentation although its exact role in humans is unknown.

pituitary hormone; MSH production

74
Q

The posterior pituitary gland (_____) does not _____ but it does _____

A

neurohypophysis; synthesize hormones; store and release oxytocin (OT) and antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

75
Q

Oxytocin (OT) is made by _____ and is stored in _____ which secretes it.

A

the hypothalamus; the posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)

76
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (AH) is made by _____ and is stored in _____ which secretes it.

A

the hypothalamus; the posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)

77
Q

The posterior pituitary gland (_____) consists of _____ that release _____ into _____

A

neurohypophysis consists of axon terminal of hypothalamic neurons that release the neurotransmitters AH and OT into capillaries

78
Q

Oxytocin (OT) has _____ involved in _____.

A

two target tissues; neuroendocrine reflexes

79
Q

After childbirth, _____ is released by _____ to stimulate _____. _____ can further stimulate that release to help _____ as well as _____.

A

oxytocin (OT); the posterior pituitary gland; uterine contraction and ejection (let-down) of breast milk.

Nursing a baby; promote uterine contractions as well as the expulsion of the placenta;

80
Q

During childbirth _____ is released to cause uterine contractions. The more baby pushes, the more _____ gets released until the baby is born.

A

oxytocin (OT)

81
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (AH) stimulates _____ by _____.

A

water reabsorption by the kidneys and arteriolar constriction

82
Q

The effect of Antidiuretic hormone (AH) is to _____.

A

decrease urine volume and conserve body water

83
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (AH) is controlled primarily by…

A

osmotic pressure of the blood

84
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (AH) is also known as…

A

vasopressin

85
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (AH) functions to _____ by _____.

A

increase blood pressure by decreasing urine production, decreasing sweating and constricting arterioles.

86
Q

The thyroid gland is located _____ and has _____.

A

just below the larynx and has right and left lateral lobes

87
Q

Histologically, the thyroid gland consists of _____ composed of _____.

A

the thyroid follicles composed of follicular cells and parafollicular cells.

88
Q

Follicular cells

A

Cells found in the thyroid gland that secrete thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)

89
Q

Parafollicular cells

A

Cells found in the thyroid that secrete calcitonin (CT)

90
Q

Each _____ of the thyroid, which weighs _____, is located _____ and has _____.

A

lobe; 1oz; on either side of the trachea; a rich blood supply

91
Q

A follicle is _____ (examples: _____) and is located in between _____ which _____

A

a sac of stored hormones surrounded by the follicle cells that produced it (examples: triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4)/; parafollicular cells which produce calcitonin

92
Q

The thyroid hormones _____ and _____ are responsible for _____.

A

triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4); our metabolic rate, synthesis of protein, breakdown of fats, and use of glucose for ATP production

93
Q

Calcitonin (CT) is responsible for _____ and stops _____ by _____.

A

the building of bone and stops reabsorption of bone by lowering the levels of calcium in the blood

94
Q

Negative Feedback For The Release of T3 & T4:

1) Low blood levels of T3 and T4, or low _____, stimulates the release of _____.
2) _____ is carried by _____ to _____ which stimulates the release of _____ by _____.
3) _____ is released into the blood and stimulates _____.
4) _____ are released into the blood by _____.
5) Elevated _____ inhibits _____

A

1) metabolic rates; TRH
2) TRH; hypophyseal portal veins to the anterior pituitary gland; TSH by thyrotrophs
3) TSH; thyroid follicular cells
4) T3 and T4; follicular cells
5) T3 inhibits the release of TRH and TSH

95
Q

Parathyroid glands are found _____ and are the _____ that produce _____.

A

embedded on the posterior surfaces of the lateral lobes of the thyroid; principal cells; parathyroid hormone (PTH)

96
Q

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) regulates _____.

A

the homeostasis of calcium

97
Q

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) _____ the level of _____ in the blood by either _____, _____, or _____.

A

increases; calcium; increasing the number and activity of osteoclasts, increasing the rate of calcium reabsorption from urine, or promoting formation of calcitriol

98
Q

Calcitriol, which is secreted by _____, is activated by _____ and works to _____.

A

parathyroid glands; vitamin D; increase the absorption of calcium from the GI tract

99
Q

There are _____ glands found _____ called parathyroid glands.

A

4 pea-sized; on the back of the thyroid gland

100
Q

Blood calcium levels directly control _____ via _____ that do not involve _____.

A

the secretion of calcitonin and PTH via negative feedback loops; the pituitary gland

101
Q

High calcium levels cause the release of _____ from _____.

A

calcitonin from the parathyroid glands

102
Q

Low calcium levels cause the release of _____ from _____.

A

PTH from the thyroid glands

A&P Exam 5 (5 decks)

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