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A&P Exam 5 > The Cardiovascular System: Blood > Flashcards

The Cardiovascular System: Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Cells of the body are serviced by what two fluids?

A

Blood and interstitial fluid

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2
Q

Blood is composed of _____ that transport _____ and moves via _____.

A

plasma and a variety of cells; nutrients and wastes; the pumping action of the heart

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3
Q

Interstitial fluid _____ and moves via _____.

A

bathes the cells of the body; bulk flow

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4
Q

Nutrients and oxygen diffuse from _____ into _____ and then into _____.

A

the blood into the interstitial fluid and then into the cells

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5
Q

Wastes move _____ into _____ and then _____.

A

out of the cells into the interstitial fluid and then into the blood

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6
Q

Hematology

A

The study of blood and blood disorders

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7
Q

Blood functions as a means of _____, _____, and _____.

A

transportation, regulation and protection from disease and loss of blood

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8
Q

Blood transports _____.

A

O2, CO2, nutrients, metabolic wastes, hormones and heat

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9
Q

Blood helps regulate: _____ through the use of_____, _____ through the _____ of water and _____ of surface vessels to _____, and _____ by interactions with _____.

A

pH through the use of buffers, body temperature through the coolant properties of water and the vasodilation of surface vessels to dump heat, and water content by interactions with dissolved ions and proteins

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10
Q

Blood is _____ viscous than water and flows _____ slowly than water.

A

more; more

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11
Q

The normal temperature of blood is _____.

A

100.4 degrees F

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12
Q

The normal pH of blood is _____.

A

7.35-7.45

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13
Q

With a total average volume of _____ (_____ in males and _____ in females), blood accounts for about _____% of your total body weight.

A

5 liters (5-6 in males and 4-5 in females); 8%

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14
Q

Blood consists of _____% plasma and _____% formed elements.

A

55%; 45%

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15
Q

Blood plasma consists of _____% water, _____% plasma proteins, and _____% other substances

A

91.5%; 7%; about 2%

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16
Q

The principle solutes in plasma include…

A

proteins, nutrients, enzymes, hormones, respiratory gases, electrolytes and waste products

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17
Q

Hematocrit (Hct)

A

The percentage of blood occupied by RBCs

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18
Q

On average, _____% of blood is occupied by RBCs. In females, the normal range is _____% (avg. _____%). In males, however, the normal range is _____% (avg. _____%) because _____.

A

45%; 38-46% (avg. 42%); 40-54% (avg. 46%) because testosterone increases Hct

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19
Q

Anemia

A

A blood disorder characterized by an insufficient number of RBCs or hemoglobin

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20
Q

Polycythemia

A

A blood disorder characterized by an excessive number of RBCs (Hct over 65%) that leads to dehydration, tissue hypoxia, and blood doping in athletes

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21
Q

The three main categories of plasma proteins are: _____, _____, and _____.

A

albumins, globulins, and fibrinogens

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22
Q

Plasma proteins are created _____ and are confined to _____.

A

in the liver or immune system; the bloodstream

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23
Q

Albumins are _____ produced _____ that help maintain _____ and serve as _____ to _____.

A

small plasma proteins produced in the liver; blood osmotic pressure; carrier molecules to transport insoluble substances

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24
Q

Globulins are _____ that act as _____.

A

larger globular protein molecules; carrier (transport) molecules

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25
Q

_____ are a class of globulins produced by _____ that function _____.

A

Immunoglobins; the immune system; as antibodies

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26
Q

Fibrinogens are _____.

A

major blood clotting proteins

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27
Q

Red blood cells (_____) carry _____.

A

erythrocytes; O2 and CO2

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28
Q

White blood cells (_____) are part of _____ and _____.

A

leukocytes; the immune system and fight against infections and allergies

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29
Q

Platelets are _____ that help in _____.

A

special cell fragments; blood clotting

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30
Q

_____ need to be continually replaced.

A

Most blood cells types

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31
Q

_____ die within hours.

A

WBCs

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32
Q

_____ die within days.

A

WBCs and platelets

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33
Q

_____ die within weeks.

A

RBCs

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34
Q

Hematopoiesis (or hemopoiesis) is _____.

A

the process of blood cell formation

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35
Q

In adults, the formation of blood cells occurs only in _____ like _____ and _____

A

the red marrow of flat bones like the sternum, ribs, skull and pelvis and at the ends of long bones.

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36
Q

Blood cells are formed from _____.

A

pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells

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37
Q

_____ can divide and differentiate into any of the blood cells under the influence of _____.

A

Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells; various hormones and growth factors

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38
Q

Pluripotent stem cells develop into _____ or _____ which then develop into _____.

A

myeloid stem cells or lymphoid stem cells; other blood cells

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39
Q

Bone marrow can be obtained through _____ to be examined for leukemia (_____ or _____) or _____.

A

aspiration or biopsy; lymphoid leukemia or myeloid leukemia or to be used in transplants

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40
Q

Hemopoietic control _____ and include _____, _____, and _____.

A

division and differentiation of stem cells and include erythropoietin (EPO), thrombopoietin (TPO) and cytokines

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41
Q

Erythropoietin (EPO) is produced by _____ to _____.

A

the kidneys to increase RBC formation

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42
Q

Thrombopoietin (TPO) is _____ from _____ that _____.

A

a hormone from the liver that stimulates platelet production

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43
Q

Cytokines such as _____ and _____ stimulate _____.

A

colony-stimulating factor (CSF) and interleukin stimulate WBC production.

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44
Q

_____ fighting an infection release _____ to signal _____ to _____.

A

WBCs; interleukin to signal bone marrow to create more WBCs

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45
Q

Hemopoietic growth factors can be made _____ through _____.

A

artificially through recombinant DNA technology

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46
Q

_____ is very effective in treating decreased RBC production of end-stage kidney disease.

A

Recombinant erythropoietin (EPO)

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47
Q

Recombinant blood cells such as _____ and _____ can be given to _____ in cancer patients receiving chemotherapy which _____.

A

granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and granulocyte colony stimulating factor; stimulate WBC formation; kills bone marrow

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48
Q

_____ helps prevent platelet depletion during chemotherapy.

A

Thrombopoietin

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49
Q

_____ of a RBCs weight comes from _____ - an _____ that _____

A

1/3; hemoglobin - an oxygen carrying protein that gives blood its red color

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50
Q

Each RBC is a _____ that is about _____ in diameter. This shape allows for an increased _____ and _____ through narrow passages but does not include _____ which means _____.

A

biconcave disk; 8 microns;

surface area to volume ratio and for flexibility; a nucleus or other organelles with means no cell division or mitochondrial ATP formation

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51
Q

A normal RBC count is _____ (_____ in males and _____ in females).

A

5 million per mm3 (5.4 million in males and 4.8 million)

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52
Q

The average lifespan of a RBC is _____ due to wear and tear from _____ and the inability to repair due to _____.

A

120 days; bending to fit through capillaries; the lack of organelles

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53
Q

New RBCs enter into circulation at a rate of _____.

A

2 million per second

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54
Q

Hemoglobin (Hgb) is the _____ in RBCs.

A

oxygen-carrying protein

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55
Q

One Hgb molecule consists of _____.

A

4 globin proteins

56
Q

One _____ is attached to each globin protein.

A

heme molecule with a central iron

57
Q

Each heme molecule can combine reversibly with one _____.

A

oxygen molecule

58
Q

Worn out RBC are removed by _____ in the _____ and the _____ are recycled.

A

tissue macrophages in the spleen and liver and the breakdown products

59
Q

In _____ of the liver and spleen, the globin portion of RBCs is broken down into _____ and recycled and the heme portion is split into _____.

A

macrophages; amino acids; iron and biliverdin (green pigment)

60
Q

Production of abnormal hemoglobin can result in _____ such as _____.

A

serious blood disorders such as thalassemia and sickle cell anemia

61
Q

_____ is the formation of erythrocytes occurring in _____.

A

Erythropoiesis; adult red bone marrow of certain bones

62
Q

Erythropoiesis is stimulated by _____ from the kidneys.

A

hormone erythropoietin

63
Q

The main stimulus for erythropoiesis is _____ that is sensed by _____.

A

hypoxia; the kidneys

64
Q

During RBC formation, the _____ is ejected and _____ is formed that is _____ in color and has traces of visible _____. It leaves _____ to enter _____. After _____, the remaining organelles are ejected and it becomes _____.

A

nucleus; a reticulocyte; orange; rough ER.
bone marrow; the blood stream;
1-2 days; a mature RBC

65
Q

Hypoxia is _____ and occurs because of _____.

A

low oxygen levels; high altitudes, anemia and circulatory problems.

66
Q

When someone is hypoxic, _____ respond by _____ to _____.

A

kidneys; releasing erythropoietin to speed up the development of reticulocytes

67
Q

Reticulocyte counts should be _____% of the _____.

A

0.5-1.5% of the circulating RBCs

68
Q

Low reticulocyte counts usually indicate _____ due to _____.

A

decreased production due to iron deficiency, bone marrow failure or leukemia

69
Q

High reticulocyte counts usually indicate _____ due to _____.

A

increased production due to successful iron therapy or recent blood loss

70
Q

_____ (WBCs) are _____ that do not contain _____. They can be classified as either _____ or _____.

A

Leukocytes; nucleated cells; hemoglobin

granular leukocytes or agranular leukocytes

71
Q

Granular leukocytes include _____, _____, and _____ based on _____.

A

eosinophils, basophils, and neutrophils based on the straining of the granules.

72
Q

Agranular leukocytes do not have _____ and include the _____ and _____.

A

cytoplasmic granules; lymphocytes and monocytes

73
Q

There are _____ WBC per mm3 of blood.

A

5000 to 10,000

74
Q

Leukocytosis is _____ that can occur from _____.

A

a high WBC count; fighting an infection, strenuous exercise, anesthesia or leukemia

75
Q

Leukopenia is _____that can occur from _____.

A

a low WBC count; AIDS, chemotherapy, and bone marrow failure

76
Q

Only _____% of the total WBC count is circulating in the blood at any given time. The rest is in _____.

A

2%; lymphatic fluid, the skin, lungs, lymph nodes and spleen

77
Q

There are five types of WBCs that combat infection: _____, _____, _____, _____, and _____.

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, and macrophages

78
Q

Neutrophils (or _____) make up _____% of the circulating white cells in normal blood. They are _____ with a _____ and they are one of the two major _____ in the body.

A

polymorphonucleocytes (PMNs) make up 60-70%;

granulocytes with a pinkish cytoplasm; macrophages

79
Q

The principle role of neutrophils (or _____) is to _____ and they are usually the first _____ to respond to _____.

A

polymorphonucleocytes (PMNs) is to fight bacterial infections; circulating WBCs; a bacterial infection

80
Q

Eosinophils are characterized by their _____ and make up _____% of the circulating WBCs.

A

large red granules; 2-4%

81
Q

The purpose of eosinophils is to _____ and _____.

A

combat parasitic infections and modulate (dampen) the effects of histamines in allergies

82
Q

Basophils contain _____ granules and normally they are _____ number of circulating WBCs (_____%) but they can be found in abundance _____ where they are known as _____.

A

large, dark blue, histamine containing; the lowest number; 0-1%; in tissues; mast cells

83
Q

Basophils release _____ in allergies and inflammation.

A

histamine and heparin

84
Q

Monocytes are a _____ that constitutes _____% of the circulating WBCs but they are more numerous in _____ where they are known as _____.

A

phagocytic WBCs; 3-8%; the peripheral tissues; macrophages

85
Q

Macrophages in the peripheral tissues may be _____ (_____) or _____ (_____)

A

fixed (stuck in one place) or wandering (mobile)

86
Q

Lymphocytes play a major role in _____ and typically comprise _____% of the circulating WBCs. There are two types: _____ and _____.

A

specific immunity; 20-25%; B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes

87
Q

B lymphocytes produce _____ when they have been activated by _____ (_____).

A

antibodies; antigens (foreign proteins)

88
Q

T lymphocytes _____ infected of cancerous cells.

A

directly kill

89
Q

WBCs leave the blood by _____ or _____.

A

emigration or diapedesis

90
Q

_____ and _____ are active in phagocytosis.

A

Neutrophils and macrophages

91
Q

Chemotaxis

A

The chemical attraction of WBCs to a disease or injury site.

92
Q

CBC with Diff

A

a diagnostic lab test to consists of a complete blood count (CBC) and a differential WBC count (diff)

93
Q

Complete Blood Count (CBC)

A

A count of RBCs, WBCs and platelets which is compared to normal values.

94
Q

Differential WBC Count (diff)

A

A count of each of the individual types of WBCs in the blood to attempt to diagnose abnormal conditions

95
Q

Normal RBC value

A

5 million per mm3

96
Q

Normal WBC value

A

5,000-10,000 per mm3

97
Q

Normal platelet value

A

150,000-400,000 per mm3

98
Q

Normal hematocrit value

A

45%

99
Q

Normal hemoglobin value

A

15g/100mL of blood

100
Q

Normal percentage of neutrophils

A

60-70%

101
Q

Elevated neutrophils indicates _____.

A

bacterial infection

102
Q

Normal percentage of lymphocytes

A

20-25%

103
Q

Elevated lymphocytes indicates _____.

A

viral infection

104
Q

Normal percentage of monocytes

A

3-8%

105
Q

Elevated monocytes indicates _____.

A

fungal/viral infection

106
Q

Normal percentage of eosinophils

A

2-4%

107
Q

Elevated eosinophils indicates _____.

A

parasite or allergic reaction

108
Q

Normal percentage of basophils

A

<1%

109
Q

Elevated basophils indicates _____.

A

allergic reaction or hypothyroid

110
Q

Thrombopoietin stimulates _____ to produce _____.

A

myeloid stem cells; platelets

111
Q

Platelets have a lifespan of _____ before they are removed by _____ in the _____.

A

5-9 days; fixed macrophages in the spleen and liver

112
Q

Platelets help _____ from _____ by _____.

A

stop blood loss from damaged vessels by forming a platelet plug.

113
Q

The _____ of platelets contain chemicals that promote _____.

A

granules; blood clotting

114
Q

Hemostasis

A

The stoppage of bleeding in a quick and localized fashion when blood vessels are damaged

115
Q

_____ helps prevent hemorrhage.

A

Hemostasis

116
Q

Hemostasis stops bleeding by utilizing _____, _____ and _____.

A

vascular spasms, platelet plug formations and blood clotting

117
Q

Coagulation

A

The formation of fibrin threads to form a blood clot

118
Q

Platelet Adhesion

A

Platelets stick to exposed collagen underlying damaged endothelial cells in the vessel wall.

119
Q

Platelet Aggregation

A

Activated platelets stick together and activate new platelets to form a mass called a platelet plug that will be reinforced by fibrin threads formed during the clotting process

120
Q

Thrombus

A

a blood clot; interlocking fibrin threads that was formed in response to tissue damage to block the flow of blood.

121
Q

The intrinsic pathway of blood clotting starts with _____.

A

damaged platelets

122
Q

The extrinsic pathway of blood clotting starts with _____.

A

damaged tissues

123
Q

_____ is formed by either the _____ (damaged platelets) or _____ (damaged tissues) and it activates _____ into _____ (_____) which then converts _____ to _____.

A

Prothrombinase; intrinsic pathway; extrinsic pathway; prothrombin into thrombin (common pathway) which then converts fibrinogen into fiber threads

124
Q

_____ plug the damaged blood vessel and _____ pull on _____ causing _____ to tighten the clot. The edges of the damaged vessel are _____ while _____ and _____ repair it.

A

Clots; platelets pull on fibrin thread causing clot retraction; pulled together while fibroblasts and endothelial cells

125
Q

_____ is required for synthesis of 4 clotting factors by _____ and is produced by _____ in the _____. Inadequate amounts can lead to _____ and _____.

A

Vitamin K; hepatocytes; bacteria in the large intestine; decreased clotting efficiency and increased bleeding time

126
Q

Fibrinolysis

A

The dissolving of a clot

127
Q

The _____ system dissolves _____ and _____.

A

fibrinolytic; small, inappropriate class and clots at a site of a complete repair

128
Q

_____, an inactive plasma protein, can be activated to _____ by a chemical called _____. _____ (or _____) digests fibrin threads.

A

Plasminogen; plasmin; t-PA; Plasmin (or fibrinolysin)

129
Q

An embolus is a _____ that _____.

A

thrombus that travels in the blood

130
Q

In the case of a stroke or heart attack, _____ such as _____ or _____ are injected to dissolve clots quickly.

A

thrombolytic agents such as tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) or streptokinase

131
Q

Blood Typing

A

The determination of blood types

132
Q

Cross-matching

A

The mixing of donor and recipient blood for compatibility

133
Q

Sickle-cell Anemia is a genetic defect in _____ of the RBC that causes it to _____.

A

hemoglobin; rupture easily

134
Q

Hemophilia

A

An inherited deficiency of clotting factor

135
Q

Disseminated Intravascular Clotting

A

Pathological activation of and simultaneous decrease in clotting factors throughout the body.

136
Q

Acute Leukemia

A

An uncontrolled production of immature leukocytes crowding out of normal red bone marrow cells by production of WBCs that prevents the production of RBCs and platelets

137
Q

Chronic Leukemia

A

The accumulation of mature WBCs in the bloodstream. Can be either monocytic or lymphocytic.

A&P Exam 5 (5 decks)

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