The Cardiovascular System: Blood Flashcards
1
Q
Cells of the body are serviced by what two fluids?
A
Blood and interstitial fluid
2
Q
Blood is composed of _____ that transport _____ and moves via _____.
A
plasma and a variety of cells; nutrients and wastes; the pumping action of the heart
3
Q
Interstitial fluid _____ and moves via _____.
A
bathes the cells of the body; bulk flow
4
Q
Nutrients and oxygen diffuse from _____ into _____ and then into _____.
A
the blood into the interstitial fluid and then into the cells
5
Q
Wastes move _____ into _____ and then _____.
A
out of the cells into the interstitial fluid and then into the blood
6
Q
Hematology
A
The study of blood and blood disorders
7
Q
Blood functions as a means of _____, _____, and _____.
A
transportation, regulation and protection from disease and loss of blood
8
Q
Blood transports _____.
A
O2, CO2, nutrients, metabolic wastes, hormones and heat
9
Q
Blood helps regulate: _____ through the use of_____, _____ through the _____ of water and _____ of surface vessels to _____, and _____ by interactions with _____.
A
pH through the use of buffers, body temperature through the coolant properties of water and the vasodilation of surface vessels to dump heat, and water content by interactions with dissolved ions and proteins
10
Q
Blood is _____ viscous than water and flows _____ slowly than water.
A
more; more
11
Q
The normal temperature of blood is _____.
A
100.4 degrees F
12
Q
The normal pH of blood is _____.
A
7.35-7.45
13
Q
With a total average volume of _____ (_____ in males and _____ in females), blood accounts for about _____% of your total body weight.
A
5 liters (5-6 in males and 4-5 in females); 8%
14
Q
Blood consists of _____% plasma and _____% formed elements.
A
55%; 45%
15
Q
Blood plasma consists of _____% water, _____% plasma proteins, and _____% other substances
A
91.5%; 7%; about 2%
16
Q
The principle solutes in plasma include…
A
proteins, nutrients, enzymes, hormones, respiratory gases, electrolytes and waste products
17
Q
Hematocrit (Hct)
A
The percentage of blood occupied by RBCs
18
Q
On average, _____% of blood is occupied by RBCs. In females, the normal range is _____% (avg. _____%). In males, however, the normal range is _____% (avg. _____%) because _____.
A
45%; 38-46% (avg. 42%); 40-54% (avg. 46%) because testosterone increases Hct
19
Q
Anemia
A
A blood disorder characterized by an insufficient number of RBCs or hemoglobin
20
Q
Polycythemia
A
A blood disorder characterized by an excessive number of RBCs (Hct over 65%) that leads to dehydration, tissue hypoxia, and blood doping in athletes
21
Q
The three main categories of plasma proteins are: _____, _____, and _____.
A
albumins, globulins, and fibrinogens
22
Q
Plasma proteins are created _____ and are confined to _____.
A
in the liver or immune system; the bloodstream
23
Q
Albumins are _____ produced _____ that help maintain _____ and serve as _____ to _____.
A
small plasma proteins produced in the liver; blood osmotic pressure; carrier molecules to transport insoluble substances
24
Q
Globulins are _____ that act as _____.
A
larger globular protein molecules; carrier (transport) molecules
25
_____ are a class of globulins produced by _____ that function _____.
Immunoglobins; the immune system; as antibodies
26
Fibrinogens are _____.
major blood clotting proteins
27
Red blood cells (_____) carry _____.
erythrocytes; O2 and CO2
28
White blood cells (_____) are part of _____ and _____.
leukocytes; the immune system and fight against infections and allergies
29
Platelets are _____ that help in _____.
special cell fragments; blood clotting
30
_____ need to be continually replaced.
Most blood cells types
31
_____ die within hours.
WBCs
32
_____ die within days.
WBCs and platelets
33
_____ die within weeks.
RBCs
34
Hematopoiesis (or hemopoiesis) is _____.
the process of blood cell formation
35
In adults, the formation of blood cells occurs only in _____ like _____ and _____
the red marrow of flat bones like the sternum, ribs, skull and pelvis and at the ends of long bones.
36
Blood cells are formed from _____.
pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells
37
_____ can divide and differentiate into any of the blood cells under the influence of _____.
Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells; various hormones and growth factors
38
Pluripotent stem cells develop into _____ or _____ which then develop into _____.
myeloid stem cells or lymphoid stem cells; other blood cells
39
Bone marrow can be obtained through _____ to be examined for leukemia (_____ or _____) or _____.
aspiration or biopsy; lymphoid leukemia or myeloid leukemia or to be used in transplants
40
Hemopoietic control _____ and include _____, _____, and _____.
division and differentiation of stem cells and include erythropoietin (EPO), thrombopoietin (TPO) and cytokines
41
Erythropoietin (EPO) is produced by _____ to _____.
the kidneys to increase RBC formation
42
Thrombopoietin (TPO) is _____ from _____ that _____.
a hormone from the liver that stimulates platelet production
43
Cytokines such as _____ and _____ stimulate _____.
colony-stimulating factor (CSF) and interleukin stimulate WBC production.
44
_____ fighting an infection release _____ to signal _____ to _____.
WBCs; interleukin to signal bone marrow to create more WBCs
45
Hemopoietic growth factors can be made _____ through _____.
artificially through recombinant DNA technology
46
_____ is very effective in treating decreased RBC production of end-stage kidney disease.
Recombinant erythropoietin (EPO)
47
Recombinant blood cells such as _____ and _____ can be given to _____ in cancer patients receiving chemotherapy which _____.
granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and granulocyte colony stimulating factor; stimulate WBC formation; kills bone marrow
48
_____ helps prevent platelet depletion during chemotherapy.
Thrombopoietin
49
_____ of a RBCs weight comes from _____ - an _____ that _____
1/3; hemoglobin - an oxygen carrying protein that gives blood its red color
50
Each RBC is a _____ that is about _____ in diameter. This shape allows for an increased _____ and _____ through narrow passages but does not include _____ which means _____.
biconcave disk; 8 microns;
surface area to volume ratio and for flexibility; a nucleus or other organelles with means no cell division or mitochondrial ATP formation
51
A normal RBC count is _____ (_____ in males and _____ in females).
5 million per mm3 (5.4 million in males and 4.8 million)
52
The average lifespan of a RBC is _____ due to wear and tear from _____ and the inability to repair due to _____.
120 days; bending to fit through capillaries; the lack of organelles
53
New RBCs enter into circulation at a rate of _____.
2 million per second
54
Hemoglobin (Hgb) is the _____ in RBCs.
oxygen-carrying protein
55
One Hgb molecule consists of _____.
4 globin proteins
56
One _____ is attached to each globin protein.
heme molecule with a central iron
57
Each heme molecule can combine reversibly with one _____.
oxygen molecule
58
Worn out RBC are removed by _____ in the _____ and the _____ are recycled.
tissue macrophages in the spleen and liver and the breakdown products
59
In _____ of the liver and spleen, the globin portion of RBCs is broken down into _____ and recycled and the heme portion is split into _____.
macrophages; amino acids; iron and biliverdin (green pigment)
60
Production of abnormal hemoglobin can result in _____ such as _____.
serious blood disorders such as thalassemia and sickle cell anemia
61
_____ is the formation of erythrocytes occurring in _____.
Erythropoiesis; adult red bone marrow of certain bones
62
Erythropoiesis is stimulated by _____ from the kidneys.
hormone erythropoietin
63
The main stimulus for erythropoiesis is _____ that is sensed by _____.
hypoxia; the kidneys
64
During RBC formation, the _____ is ejected and _____ is formed that is _____ in color and has traces of visible _____. It leaves _____ to enter _____. After _____, the remaining organelles are ejected and it becomes _____.
nucleus; a reticulocyte; orange; rough ER.
bone marrow; the blood stream;
1-2 days; a mature RBC
65
Hypoxia is _____ and occurs because of _____.
low oxygen levels; high altitudes, anemia and circulatory problems.
66
When someone is hypoxic, _____ respond by _____ to _____.
kidneys; releasing erythropoietin to speed up the development of reticulocytes
67
Reticulocyte counts should be _____% of the _____.
0.5-1.5% of the circulating RBCs
68
Low reticulocyte counts usually indicate _____ due to _____.
decreased production due to iron deficiency, bone marrow failure or leukemia
69
High reticulocyte counts usually indicate _____ due to _____.
increased production due to successful iron therapy or recent blood loss
70
_____ (WBCs) are _____ that do not contain _____. They can be classified as either _____ or _____.
Leukocytes; nucleated cells; hemoglobin
| granular leukocytes or agranular leukocytes
71
Granular leukocytes include _____, _____, and _____ based on _____.
eosinophils, basophils, and neutrophils based on the straining of the granules.
72
Agranular leukocytes do not have _____ and include the _____ and _____.
cytoplasmic granules; lymphocytes and monocytes
73
There are _____ WBC per mm3 of blood.
5000 to 10,000
74
Leukocytosis is _____ that can occur from _____.
a high WBC count; fighting an infection, strenuous exercise, anesthesia or leukemia
75
Leukopenia is _____that can occur from _____.
a low WBC count; AIDS, chemotherapy, and bone marrow failure
76
Only _____% of the total WBC count is circulating in the blood at any given time. The rest is in _____.
2%; lymphatic fluid, the skin, lungs, lymph nodes and spleen
77
There are five types of WBCs that combat infection: _____, _____, _____, _____, and _____.
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, and macrophages
78
Neutrophils (or _____) make up _____% of the circulating white cells in normal blood. They are _____ with a _____ and they are one of the two major _____ in the body.
polymorphonucleocytes (PMNs) make up 60-70%;
| granulocytes with a pinkish cytoplasm; macrophages
79
The principle role of neutrophils (or _____) is to _____ and they are usually the first _____ to respond to _____.
polymorphonucleocytes (PMNs) is to fight bacterial infections; circulating WBCs; a bacterial infection
80
Eosinophils are characterized by their _____ and make up _____% of the circulating WBCs.
large red granules; 2-4%
81
The purpose of eosinophils is to _____ and _____.
combat parasitic infections and modulate (dampen) the effects of histamines in allergies
82
Basophils contain _____ granules and normally they are _____ number of circulating WBCs (_____%) but they can be found in abundance _____ where they are known as _____.
large, dark blue, histamine containing; the lowest number; 0-1%; in tissues; mast cells
83
Basophils release _____ in allergies and inflammation.
histamine and heparin
84
Monocytes are a _____ that constitutes _____% of the circulating WBCs but they are more numerous in _____ where they are known as _____.
phagocytic WBCs; 3-8%; the peripheral tissues; macrophages
85
Macrophages in the peripheral tissues may be _____ (_____) or _____ (_____)
fixed (stuck in one place) or wandering (mobile)
86
Lymphocytes play a major role in _____ and typically comprise _____% of the circulating WBCs. There are two types: _____ and _____.
specific immunity; 20-25%; B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes
87
B lymphocytes produce _____ when they have been activated by _____ (_____).
antibodies; antigens (foreign proteins)
88
T lymphocytes _____ infected of cancerous cells.
directly kill
89
WBCs leave the blood by _____ or _____.
emigration or diapedesis
90
_____ and _____ are active in phagocytosis.
Neutrophils and macrophages
91
Chemotaxis
The chemical attraction of WBCs to a disease or injury site.
92
CBC with Diff
a diagnostic lab test to consists of a complete blood count (CBC) and a differential WBC count (diff)
93
Complete Blood Count (CBC)
A count of RBCs, WBCs and platelets which is compared to normal values.
94
Differential WBC Count (diff)
A count of each of the individual types of WBCs in the blood to attempt to diagnose abnormal conditions
95
Normal RBC value
5 million per mm3
96
Normal WBC value
5,000-10,000 per mm3
97
Normal platelet value
150,000-400,000 per mm3
98
Normal hematocrit value
45%
99
Normal hemoglobin value
15g/100mL of blood
100
Normal percentage of neutrophils
60-70%
101
Elevated neutrophils indicates _____.
bacterial infection
102
Normal percentage of lymphocytes
20-25%
103
Elevated lymphocytes indicates _____.
viral infection
104
Normal percentage of monocytes
3-8%
105
Elevated monocytes indicates _____.
fungal/viral infection
106
Normal percentage of eosinophils
2-4%
107
Elevated eosinophils indicates _____.
parasite or allergic reaction
108
Normal percentage of basophils
<1%
109
Elevated basophils indicates _____.
allergic reaction or hypothyroid
110
Thrombopoietin stimulates _____ to produce _____.
myeloid stem cells; platelets
111
Platelets have a lifespan of _____ before they are removed by _____ in the _____.
5-9 days; fixed macrophages in the spleen and liver
112
Platelets help _____ from _____ by _____.
stop blood loss from damaged vessels by forming a platelet plug.
113
The _____ of platelets contain chemicals that promote _____.
granules; blood clotting
114
Hemostasis
The stoppage of bleeding in a quick and localized fashion when blood vessels are damaged
115
_____ helps prevent hemorrhage.
Hemostasis
116
Hemostasis stops bleeding by utilizing _____, _____ and _____.
vascular spasms, platelet plug formations and blood clotting
117
Coagulation
The formation of fibrin threads to form a blood clot
118
Platelet Adhesion
Platelets stick to exposed collagen underlying damaged endothelial cells in the vessel wall.
119
Platelet Aggregation
Activated platelets stick together and activate new platelets to form a mass called a platelet plug that will be reinforced by fibrin threads formed during the clotting process
120
Thrombus
a blood clot; interlocking fibrin threads that was formed in response to tissue damage to block the flow of blood.
121
The intrinsic pathway of blood clotting starts with _____.
damaged platelets
122
The extrinsic pathway of blood clotting starts with _____.
damaged tissues
123
_____ is formed by either the _____ (damaged platelets) or _____ (damaged tissues) and it activates _____ into _____ (_____) which then converts _____ to _____.
Prothrombinase; intrinsic pathway; extrinsic pathway; prothrombin into thrombin (common pathway) which then converts fibrinogen into fiber threads
124
_____ plug the damaged blood vessel and _____ pull on _____ causing _____ to tighten the clot. The edges of the damaged vessel are _____ while _____ and _____ repair it.
Clots; platelets pull on fibrin thread causing clot retraction; pulled together while fibroblasts and endothelial cells
125
_____ is required for synthesis of 4 clotting factors by _____ and is produced by _____ in the _____. Inadequate amounts can lead to _____ and _____.
Vitamin K; hepatocytes; bacteria in the large intestine; decreased clotting efficiency and increased bleeding time
126
Fibrinolysis
The dissolving of a clot
127
The _____ system dissolves _____ and _____.
fibrinolytic; small, inappropriate class and clots at a site of a complete repair
128
_____, an inactive plasma protein, can be activated to _____ by a chemical called _____. _____ (or _____) digests fibrin threads.
Plasminogen; plasmin; t-PA; Plasmin (or fibrinolysin)
129
An embolus is a _____ that _____.
thrombus that travels in the blood
130
In the case of a stroke or heart attack, _____ such as _____ or _____ are injected to dissolve clots quickly.
thrombolytic agents such as tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) or streptokinase
131
Blood Typing
The determination of blood types
132
Cross-matching
The mixing of donor and recipient blood for compatibility
133
Sickle-cell Anemia is a genetic defect in _____ of the RBC that causes it to _____.
hemoglobin; rupture easily
134
Hemophilia
An inherited deficiency of clotting factor
135
Disseminated Intravascular Clotting
Pathological activation of and simultaneous decrease in clotting factors throughout the body.
136
Acute Leukemia
An uncontrolled production of immature leukocytes crowding out of normal red bone marrow cells by production of WBCs that prevents the production of RBCs and platelets
137
Chronic Leukemia
The accumulation of mature WBCs in the bloodstream. Can be either monocytic or lymphocytic.
