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A&P Exam 5 > The Cardiovascular System: The Heart > Flashcards

The Cardiovascular System: The Heart Flashcards

1
Q

The cardiovascular system consists of _____.

A

the blood, heart and blood vessels

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2
Q

The _____ is the pump that circulates the blood through an estimated _____ of blood vessels.

A

heart; 60,000 miles

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3
Q

Cardiology

A

The study of the normal heart and diseases associated with it.

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4
Q

The heart is located in the _____ between _____ and the _____. It lies medially between _____ with about _____ of its mass _____.

A

mediastinum between the sternum and the vertebral column

the two lungs with about 2/3 of its mass to the left of the midline

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5
Q

The _____ of the heart is tipped up _____ and _____ while the _____ projects _____ and _____.

A

base; medially and posteriorly

apex;; inferiorly and laterally

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6
Q

The heart is enclosed and held in place by the _____.

A

pericardium

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7
Q

The pericardium consists of an outer _____ and an inner _____ (_____)

A

fibrous pericardium; serous pericardium (epicardium)

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8
Q

The serous pericardium is composed of a _____ and a _____.

A

parietal layer and a visceral layer

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9
Q

Between the _____ and _____ layers of the serous pericardium is the _____ which is filled with _____ that reduces friction between the two membranes

A

parietal and visceral; pericardial cavity; pericardial fluid

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10
Q

The fibrous pericardium is made of _____ and it functions to _____ and _____ the heart and it prevents _____.

A

dense irregular CT; protect and anchor; overstretching

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11
Q

The _____ is a thin, delicate membrane that contains the _____ layer, the _____ layer and the_____ cavity containing the _____fluid

A

serous pericardium; parietal layer, the visceral layer and the pericardial cavity containing the pericardial fluid

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12
Q

Pericarditis is _____. Associated bleeding or excessive fluid that goes into the _____ and _____ the heart (called _____) can be potentially lethal

A

an inflammation of the pericardium

pericardial cavity and compresses; cardiac tamponade

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13
Q

The wall of the heart has three layers: _____, _____ and _____

A

the epicardium, myocardium and endocardium

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14
Q

The epicardium is made of the same _____ as the _____.

A

connective tissue; visceral pericardium

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15
Q

The myocardium is composed of _____.

A

cardiac muscle

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16
Q

The endocardium consists of _____ and _____.

A

inner lining and valves

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17
Q

Myocarditis

A

An inflammation of the myocardium

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18
Q

Endocarditis

A

An inflammation of the endocardium that usually involves the heart valves

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19
Q

Internally the heart is divided into _____ and _____ sides and each side has _____ called the _____ and a _____ called the _____. The two sides are separated by ______ above and _____ below.

A

right and left; a thin walled chamber called the atrium; thick walled chamber called the ventricle
an interatrial septum above and an interventricular septum

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20
Q

Sulcus

A

A groove on the surface of the heart that marks the boundaries of the four internal chambers

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21
Q

The three sulci of the heart are the _____, the _____, and the _____.

A

coronary sulcus, the anterior interventricular sulcus and the posterior interventricular sulcus

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22
Q

The _____ encircles the heart and marks the boundary between the _____ and the _____.

A

coronary sulcus; atria and the ventricles

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23
Q

The _____ marks the boundary between the ventricles anteriorly

A

anterior interventricular sulcus

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24
Q

The _____ marks the boundary between the ventricles posteriorly

A

posterior interventricular sulcus

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25
_____ travel in the sulci of the heart and provide blood to the _____.
Coronary vessels; myocardium
26
The right _____ is separated from the right _____ by the _____.
atrium; ventricle by the tricuspid valve
27
When the right atrium contracts, blood flows through the _____ into the _____.
tricuspid valve into the right ventricle
28
When the right ventricle contracts, the _____ closes and blood is pumped through the _____ to _____
tricuspid valve; pulmonary trunk to the lungs
29
The left _____ is separated from the left _____ by the _____ (or _____)
atrium; ventricle by the bicuspid valve (or mitral valve)
30
When the left atrium contracts, blood flows through the _____ into the _____.
bicuspid (mitral) valve into the left ventricle
31
When the left ventricle contracts, the _____ closes and blood is pumped through _____ to the body.
bicuspid (mitral) valve; the aorta
32
Thickness of the _____ varies according to the function of the _____.
myocardium; chamber
33
_____ are thin walled and pump blood to the adjacent _____.
Atria; ventricles
34
Ventricle walls are _____ than atrial walls.
much thicker and stronger
35
The _____ supplies blood to the lungs.
right ventricle
36
The _____ wall is the thickest to supply _____.
left ventricle; systemic circulation
37
Valves open and close in response to _____ as the heart _____ and _____.
pressure changes as the heart contracts and relaxes
38
The _____ (or _____) has _____ cusps (or _____) and it prevents backflow of blood from the right ventricle into the right atrium.
right atrioventricular valve (or tricuspid valve) has three cusps (or leaflets)
39
The _____ (or _____) has _____ cusps (or _____) and it prevents backflow of blood from the left ventricle into the left atrium.
left atrioventricular valve (or bicuspid valve) has two cusps (of leaflets)
40
The _____ lies between the _____ and the _____ and prevents backflow into the right ventricle.
pulmonary semilunar valve; pulmonary trunk and the right ventricle
41
The _____ lies between the _____ and the _____ and prevents backflow into the left ventricle.
aortic semilunar valve; aorta and the left ventricle
42
_____ open when the atria contract and allow blood to flow from _____ into _____.
A-V valves; atria into ventricles
43
_____ close when the ventricles contract to prevent backflow of blood into the _____.
A-V valves; atria
44
Papillary muscles contract to pull _____ taut to prevent _____.
chordae tendinae; cusps from everting
45
Semilunar valves open with _____ to allow blood flow into the _____ and _____.
ventricular contraction; pulmonary trunk and aorta
46
Semilunar valves close with _____ to prevent blood from returning to _____.
ventricular relaxation; the ventricles
47
Stenosis
A narrowing of a heart valve which restricts blood flow
48
Insufficiency or incompetence is _____ that may be able to be _____.
a failure of a valve to close completely that may be able to be repaired or replaced
49
Blood circulates through the heart via two circuits: _____ and _____
pulmonary circulation and the systemic circulation
50
The right side of the heart pumps _____ blood to the lungs via _____.
deoxygenated; pulmonary circulation
51
The left side of the heart pumps _____ blood through the body via _____.
oxygenated; systemic circulation
52
The pulmonary trunk branches into _____ that carry blood to _____ for _____. The _____ blood returns _____ through _____.
pulmonary arteries; the lungs for exchange of gasses; | oxygenated; to the heart through pulmonary veins
53
In _____, the left ventricle pumps blood into the _____ which branches into many _____ that travel _____. _____ branch into many _____ in tissue and they branch into thin-walled _____ for _____. _____ blood begins its return in _____ that merge into _____ and return to the _____.
systemic circulation; aorta; arteries that travel to organs; arteries; arterioles; capillaries for exchange of gases and nutrients Deoxygenated; venules; veins; right atrium
54
The heart has many anastomoses, which are _____, to provide _____ in case one artery becomes occluded.
connections between arteries supplying blood to the same region to provide alternate routes
55
Coronary veins _____ from cardiac muscle and drain into the _____ on the _____ surface of the heart. The _____ then empties into _____.
collect wastes; coronary sinus on the posterior; | coronary sinus; the right atrium
56
Ischemia
Reduced blood flow to tissues
57
Hypoxia
Low oxygen to tissues
58
Ischemia is often manifested through _____.
angina pectoris (chest pain)
59
Complete obstruction of flow in a coronary artery may cause _____.
myocardial infarction (heart attack)
60
In the case of myocardial infarction, the tissue _____ to the obstruction dies and is replaced by _____.
distal; scar tissue
61
Treatment of a myocardial infarction may include _____, _____, or _____.
injection of thrombolytic agents, coronary angioplasty, or coronary artery bypass grafts
62
New research suggests that some cardiac cells may be able to _____.
regenerate
63
Autorhythmic cells act as a _____ to _____ for the entire heart.
pacemaker to set the rhythm
64
A _____ is a cluster of cells in the wall of the right atria that _____ that spreads across both atria and spreads to the _____.
SA node; starts the heart activity; AV nodes
65
An _____ transmits signals from the _____ to a bundle of HIS.
AV node; atrial septum
66
An _____ serves as the connection between the _____ and _____ and divides into _____ and _____.
AV bundle of HIS; atria and ventricles; bundle branches and purkinje fibers
67
Purkinje fibers
Large diameter fibers that conduct signals quickly throughout the heart then to each myocardial cell
68
SA nodes fire spontaneously at _____.
90-100 times per minute
69
AV nodes fire at _____
40-50 times per minute
70
If _____ and _____ are suppressed fibers in ventricles by themselves, they fire at _____.
SA nodes and AV nodes; 20-40 times per minute
71
Extra beats forming at other sites in the heart are called _____.
ectopic pacemakers
72
An impulse in a ventricular contractile fiber is characterized by _____, _____, and _____.
rapid depolarization, plateau, and repolarization
73
The _____ of a cardiac muscle fiber is longer than _____.
refractory period; the contraction itself
74
Electrocardiogram
A recording of the electrical changes that accompany each cardiac cycle (heartbeat)
75
An EKG can help to determine if the _____, if the _____, and if _____.
conduction pathway is abnormal, if the heart is enlarged, and if certain regions are damaged
76
Action potentials of all active cells can be detected and recorded with a _____.
EKG or ECG
77
_____ represents atrial depolarization.
P wave
78
_____ represents ventricular depolarization.
QRS complex
79
_____ represents ventricular repolarization.
T wave
80
A cardiac cycle consists of the _____ and _____ of both _____ rapidly followed by the _____ and _____ of both _____.
systole (contraction) and diastole (relaxation) of both atria systole and diastole of both ventricles
81
During a cardiac cycle, _____ and _____ alternately contract and relax forcing blood from _____ to _____.
atria and ventricles; areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure
82
Auscultation
The act of listening to sounds within the body, usually with a stethoscope
83
The sound of a heartbeat comes primarily from _____, not from _____.
the closure of the valves, not from the contraction of the heart muscle
84
The first heart sound (lubb) is created by _____ soon after _____ begins. The second sound (dubb) represents _____ near the end of _____.
the closing of the atrioventricular valves soon after ventricular systole the closing of the semilunar valves near the end of the ventricular systole
85
Heart Murmur
An abnormal sound that consists of a flow noise that is heard before, between, or after the lubb-dubb or that may mask the normal sounds entirely.
86
Some murmurs are caused by _____ around valves due to _____ or _____.
turbulent blood flow; abnormal anatomy or increased volume of flow
87
Cardiac Output
The volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle into the aorta each minute
88
Cardiac output equals _____ x _____.
stroke volume x heart rate
89
Stroke Volume
The volume of blood ejected by the ventricle with each contraction.
90
The main nervous control of HR arises from the _____ in the _____. _____impulses increase HR and _____. _____ impulses decrease HR.
cardiovascular center in the medulla; Sympathetic; force contraction; Parasympathetic
91
_____ (or pressure receptors) that are located _____ detect change in BP and send information to _____.
Baroreceptors; in the arch of the aorta and carotid arteries; cardiovascular center
92
HR is effected by hormones (_____, _____, _____), _____, as well as many other factors.
epinephrine, norepinephrine, thyroid hormones; ions
93
Coronary Artery Disease
A condition in which the heart muscles receives an inadequate amount of blood due to obstruction of its blood supply.
94
Atherosclerosis
A process in which smooth muscle cells proliferate and fatty substances, esp. cholesterol and triglycerides (neutral fats), accumulate in the walls of the medium-sized and larger arteries in response to certain stimuli, such as endothelial damage.
95
A _____ or _____ may be used to diagnose CAD.
cardiac catherization or cardiac angiography
96
Treatment options for CAD include _____ and _____.
drugs and coronary artery bypass grafting

A&P Exam 5 (5 decks)

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