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A&P Exam 5 > The Cardiovascular System: The Heart > Flashcards

The Cardiovascular System: The Heart Flashcards

1
Q

The cardiovascular system consists of _____.

A

the blood, heart and blood vessels

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2
Q

The _____ is the pump that circulates the blood through an estimated _____ of blood vessels.

A

heart; 60,000 miles

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3
Q

Cardiology

A

The study of the normal heart and diseases associated with it.

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4
Q

The heart is located in the _____ between _____ and the _____. It lies medially between _____ with about _____ of its mass _____.

A

mediastinum between the sternum and the vertebral column

the two lungs with about 2/3 of its mass to the left of the midline

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5
Q

The _____ of the heart is tipped up _____ and _____ while the _____ projects _____ and _____.

A

base; medially and posteriorly

apex;; inferiorly and laterally

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6
Q

The heart is enclosed and held in place by the _____.

A

pericardium

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7
Q

The pericardium consists of an outer _____ and an inner _____ (_____)

A

fibrous pericardium; serous pericardium (epicardium)

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8
Q

The serous pericardium is composed of a _____ and a _____.

A

parietal layer and a visceral layer

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9
Q

Between the _____ and _____ layers of the serous pericardium is the _____ which is filled with _____ that reduces friction between the two membranes

A

parietal and visceral; pericardial cavity; pericardial fluid

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10
Q

The fibrous pericardium is made of _____ and it functions to _____ and _____ the heart and it prevents _____.

A

dense irregular CT; protect and anchor; overstretching

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11
Q

The _____ is a thin, delicate membrane that contains the _____ layer, the _____ layer and the_____ cavity containing the _____fluid

A

serous pericardium; parietal layer, the visceral layer and the pericardial cavity containing the pericardial fluid

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12
Q

Pericarditis is _____. Associated bleeding or excessive fluid that goes into the _____ and _____ the heart (called _____) can be potentially lethal

A

an inflammation of the pericardium

pericardial cavity and compresses; cardiac tamponade

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13
Q

The wall of the heart has three layers: _____, _____ and _____

A

the epicardium, myocardium and endocardium

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14
Q

The epicardium is made of the same _____ as the _____.

A

connective tissue; visceral pericardium

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15
Q

The myocardium is composed of _____.

A

cardiac muscle

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16
Q

The endocardium consists of _____ and _____.

A

inner lining and valves

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17
Q

Myocarditis

A

An inflammation of the myocardium

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18
Q

Endocarditis

A

An inflammation of the endocardium that usually involves the heart valves

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19
Q

Internally the heart is divided into _____ and _____ sides and each side has _____ called the _____ and a _____ called the _____. The two sides are separated by ______ above and _____ below.

A

right and left; a thin walled chamber called the atrium; thick walled chamber called the ventricle
an interatrial septum above and an interventricular septum

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20
Q

Sulcus

A

A groove on the surface of the heart that marks the boundaries of the four internal chambers

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21
Q

The three sulci of the heart are the _____, the _____, and the _____.

A

coronary sulcus, the anterior interventricular sulcus and the posterior interventricular sulcus

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22
Q

The _____ encircles the heart and marks the boundary between the _____ and the _____.

A

coronary sulcus; atria and the ventricles

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23
Q

The _____ marks the boundary between the ventricles anteriorly

A

anterior interventricular sulcus

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24
Q

The _____ marks the boundary between the ventricles posteriorly

A

posterior interventricular sulcus

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25
Q

_____ travel in the sulci of the heart and provide blood to the _____.

A

Coronary vessels; myocardium

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26
Q

The right _____ is separated from the right _____ by the _____.

A

atrium; ventricle by the tricuspid valve

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27
Q

When the right atrium contracts, blood flows through the _____ into the _____.

A

tricuspid valve into the right ventricle

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28
Q

When the right ventricle contracts, the _____ closes and blood is pumped through the _____ to _____

A

tricuspid valve; pulmonary trunk to the lungs

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29
Q

The left _____ is separated from the left _____ by the _____ (or _____)

A

atrium; ventricle by the bicuspid valve (or mitral valve)

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30
Q

When the left atrium contracts, blood flows through the _____ into the _____.

A

bicuspid (mitral) valve into the left ventricle

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31
Q

When the left ventricle contracts, the _____ closes and blood is pumped through _____ to the body.

A

bicuspid (mitral) valve; the aorta

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32
Q

Thickness of the _____ varies according to the function of the _____.

A

myocardium; chamber

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33
Q

_____ are thin walled and pump blood to the adjacent _____.

A

Atria; ventricles

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34
Q

Ventricle walls are _____ than atrial walls.

A

much thicker and stronger

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35
Q

The _____ supplies blood to the lungs.

A

right ventricle

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36
Q

The _____ wall is the thickest to supply _____.

A

left ventricle; systemic circulation

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37
Q

Valves open and close in response to _____ as the heart _____ and _____.

A

pressure changes as the heart contracts and relaxes

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38
Q

The _____ (or _____) has _____ cusps (or _____) and it prevents backflow of blood from the right ventricle into the right atrium.

A

right atrioventricular valve (or tricuspid valve) has three cusps (or leaflets)

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39
Q

The _____ (or _____) has _____ cusps (or _____) and it prevents backflow of blood from the left ventricle into the left atrium.

A

left atrioventricular valve (or bicuspid valve) has two cusps (of leaflets)

40
Q

The _____ lies between the _____ and the _____ and prevents backflow into the right ventricle.

A

pulmonary semilunar valve; pulmonary trunk and the right ventricle

41
Q

The _____ lies between the _____ and the _____ and prevents backflow into the left ventricle.

A

aortic semilunar valve; aorta and the left ventricle

42
Q

_____ open when the atria contract and allow blood to flow from _____ into _____.

A

A-V valves; atria into ventricles

43
Q

_____ close when the ventricles contract to prevent backflow of blood into the _____.

A

A-V valves; atria

44
Q

Papillary muscles contract to pull _____ taut to prevent _____.

A

chordae tendinae; cusps from everting

45
Q

Semilunar valves open with _____ to allow blood flow into the _____ and _____.

A

ventricular contraction; pulmonary trunk and aorta

46
Q

Semilunar valves close with _____ to prevent blood from returning to _____.

A

ventricular relaxation; the ventricles

47
Q

Stenosis

A

A narrowing of a heart valve which restricts blood flow

48
Q

Insufficiency or incompetence is _____ that may be able to be _____.

A

a failure of a valve to close completely that may be able to be repaired or replaced

49
Q

Blood circulates through the heart via two circuits: _____ and _____

A

pulmonary circulation and the systemic circulation

50
Q

The right side of the heart pumps _____ blood to the lungs via _____.

A

deoxygenated; pulmonary circulation

51
Q

The left side of the heart pumps _____ blood through the body via _____.

A

oxygenated; systemic circulation

52
Q

The pulmonary trunk branches into _____ that carry blood to _____ for _____. The _____ blood returns _____ through _____.

A

pulmonary arteries; the lungs for exchange of gasses;

oxygenated; to the heart through pulmonary veins

53
Q

In _____, the left ventricle pumps blood into the _____ which branches into many _____ that travel _____. _____ branch into many _____ in tissue and they branch into thin-walled _____ for _____. _____ blood begins its return in _____ that merge into _____ and return to the _____.

A

systemic circulation; aorta; arteries that travel to organs; arteries; arterioles; capillaries for exchange of gases and nutrients
Deoxygenated; venules; veins; right atrium

54
Q

The heart has many anastomoses, which are _____, to provide _____ in case one artery becomes occluded.

A

connections between arteries supplying blood to the same region to provide alternate routes

55
Q

Coronary veins _____ from cardiac muscle and drain into the _____ on the _____ surface of the heart. The _____ then empties into _____.

A

collect wastes; coronary sinus on the posterior;

coronary sinus; the right atrium

56
Q

Ischemia

A

Reduced blood flow to tissues

57
Q

Hypoxia

A

Low oxygen to tissues

58
Q

Ischemia is often manifested through _____.

A

angina pectoris (chest pain)

59
Q

Complete obstruction of flow in a coronary artery may cause _____.

A

myocardial infarction (heart attack)

60
Q

In the case of myocardial infarction, the tissue _____ to the obstruction dies and is replaced by _____.

A

distal; scar tissue

61
Q

Treatment of a myocardial infarction may include _____, _____, or _____.

A

injection of thrombolytic agents, coronary angioplasty, or coronary artery bypass grafts

62
Q

New research suggests that some cardiac cells may be able to _____.

A

regenerate

63
Q

Autorhythmic cells act as a _____ to _____ for the entire heart.

A

pacemaker to set the rhythm

64
Q

A _____ is a cluster of cells in the wall of the right atria that _____ that spreads across both atria and spreads to the _____.

A

SA node; starts the heart activity; AV nodes

65
Q

An _____ transmits signals from the _____ to a bundle of HIS.

A

AV node; atrial septum

66
Q

An _____ serves as the connection between the _____ and _____ and divides into _____ and _____.

A

AV bundle of HIS; atria and ventricles; bundle branches and purkinje fibers

67
Q

Purkinje fibers

A

Large diameter fibers that conduct signals quickly throughout the heart then to each myocardial cell

68
Q

SA nodes fire spontaneously at _____.

A

90-100 times per minute

69
Q

AV nodes fire at _____

A

40-50 times per minute

70
Q

If _____ and _____ are suppressed fibers in ventricles by themselves, they fire at _____.

A

SA nodes and AV nodes; 20-40 times per minute

71
Q

Extra beats forming at other sites in the heart are called _____.

A

ectopic pacemakers

72
Q

An impulse in a ventricular contractile fiber is characterized by _____, _____, and _____.

A

rapid depolarization, plateau, and repolarization

73
Q

The _____ of a cardiac muscle fiber is longer than _____.

A

refractory period; the contraction itself

74
Q

Electrocardiogram

A

A recording of the electrical changes that accompany each cardiac cycle (heartbeat)

75
Q

An EKG can help to determine if the _____, if the _____, and if _____.

A

conduction pathway is abnormal, if the heart is enlarged, and if certain regions are damaged

76
Q

Action potentials of all active cells can be detected and recorded with a _____.

A

EKG or ECG

77
Q

_____ represents atrial depolarization.

A

P wave

78
Q

_____ represents ventricular depolarization.

A

QRS complex

79
Q

_____ represents ventricular repolarization.

A

T wave

80
Q

A cardiac cycle consists of the _____ and _____ of both _____ rapidly followed by the _____ and _____ of both _____.

A

systole (contraction) and diastole (relaxation) of both atria
systole and diastole of both ventricles

81
Q

During a cardiac cycle, _____ and _____ alternately contract and relax forcing blood from _____ to _____.

A

atria and ventricles; areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure

82
Q

Auscultation

A

The act of listening to sounds within the body, usually with a stethoscope

83
Q

The sound of a heartbeat comes primarily from _____, not from _____.

A

the closure of the valves, not from the contraction of the heart muscle

84
Q

The first heart sound (lubb) is created by _____ soon after _____ begins. The second sound (dubb) represents _____ near the end of _____.

A

the closing of the atrioventricular valves soon after ventricular systole
the closing of the semilunar valves near the end of the ventricular systole

85
Q

Heart Murmur

A

An abnormal sound that consists of a flow noise that is heard before, between, or after the lubb-dubb or that may mask the normal sounds entirely.

86
Q

Some murmurs are caused by _____ around valves due to _____ or _____.

A

turbulent blood flow; abnormal anatomy or increased volume of flow

87
Q

Cardiac Output

A

The volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle into the aorta each minute

88
Q

Cardiac output equals _____ x _____.

A

stroke volume x heart rate

89
Q

Stroke Volume

A

The volume of blood ejected by the ventricle with each contraction.

90
Q

The main nervous control of HR arises from the _____ in the _____. _____impulses increase HR and _____. _____ impulses decrease HR.

A

cardiovascular center in the medulla; Sympathetic; force contraction; Parasympathetic

91
Q

_____ (or pressure receptors) that are located _____ detect change in BP and send information to _____.

A

Baroreceptors; in the arch of the aorta and carotid arteries; cardiovascular center

92
Q

HR is effected by hormones (_____, _____, _____), _____, as well as many other factors.

A

epinephrine, norepinephrine, thyroid hormones; ions

93
Q

Coronary Artery Disease

A

A condition in which the heart muscles receives an inadequate amount of blood due to obstruction of its blood supply.

94
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

A process in which smooth muscle cells proliferate and fatty substances, esp. cholesterol and triglycerides (neutral fats), accumulate in the walls of the medium-sized and larger arteries in response to certain stimuli, such as endothelial damage.

95
Q

A _____ or _____ may be used to diagnose CAD.

A

cardiac catherization or cardiac angiography

96
Q

Treatment options for CAD include _____ and _____.

A

drugs and coronary artery bypass grafting

A&P Exam 5 (5 decks)

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