The Endocrine System II

Question 1

What are the parathyroid glands?

Answer 1

• 4 or 5 are present
• located at the posterior lobes of the thyroid gland
• secretes the parathyroid hormone

Question 2

What is the function of the parathyroid hormone ( PTH) ?

Answer 2

• it antagonizes calcitonins effects on the blood calcium
• therefore it increases the blood calcium by increasing the activity of osteoblasts
• it activates vitamin D in the intestines which aids in the uptake and reabsorption of calcium from food in the GI tract

Question 3

What are the disorders of the PTH? (2)

Answer 3

1) Hypersecretion - increase in blood calcium
- causes muscle and nerve irritability to decrease

2) Hyposecretion- decrease in calcium levels
- increase in muscle irritability
- can cause muscle spasms or convulsions

Question 4

What is the Adrenal gland?

Answer 4

found on the superior surface of the kidney

- 2 layers ( the medulla and the cortex)

Question 5

What is the adrenal cortex composed of ?

Answer 5

regular endocrine tissue

Question 6

What is produced in the adrenal cortex?

Answer 6

steroid hormones, specifically in the corticosteroids

Question 7

What are the zones of the adrenal cortex?

Answer 7

1) zona glomerulosa (outer)
2) zona fasciculata ( middle)
3) zona reticularis ( inner)

Question 8

What are the hormones of the zona glomerulosa?

Answer 8

mineralocoricoids including aldoesterone

Question 9

What is the function of aldosterone?

Answer 9

stimulates the kidneys to conserve Na+ via the exchange of Na+ for K+ and H+ ions

• this causes the release of ADH by the neruohypophysis
• this also decreases blood volume

Question 10

What does a decline in BP cause ?

Answer 10

the kidneys to produce and release renin

Question 11

What is renin

Answer 11

secreted by kidneys
-catalyzes the conversion of angiotensionogen to angiotension 2 which then stimulates the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone

Question 12

What hormones comes from zona fasciculata?

Answer 12

glucocorticoids such as cortisol ( hydrocortisone)

Question 13

What is cortisol?

Answer 13

has an antiinflammatory effect when released in high concentrations

• it also breaks down proteins and lipids and contributes to the production of glucose
• can depress the human immune function

Question 14

What hormones are in the zona reticularis?

Answer 14

secretes gonadocorticoids ( small amounts)

• which produce testosterone and adrogens
• some estrogen

Question 15

What is hyposecretion of aldosterone?

Answer 15

hypertension/edema + excessive secretion of K+

Question 16

What is Addison’s disease?

Answer 16

• involves hypersecretion of aldosterone and cortisol
• patient will suffer weight loss, low glucose and Na+ levels in the blood, increase K+ in blood, dehydration and hypotension

Question 17

What is cushioning disease?

Answer 17

hypersecretion of cortisol
caused by glucocoritcoid drugs or problems with the pituitary tumors
-hyperglycemia - loss of protien in muscle, increased bruising and a fatty face

Question 18

What is the adrenal medulla?

Answer 18

• composed of neurosecretory tissue
• secretes additional norepinephrine and epinephrine CNS stimulates the adrenal gland itself
• this helps to prolong sympathetic stimulation

Question 19

What is the pancreas

Answer 19

• found behind the stomach

- acts as an endocrine and an exocrine gland

Question 20

What are the endocrine cells in the pancreas?

Answer 20

-pancreatic islet cells

Question 21

What is the pancreas exocrine?

Answer 21

the pancreatic acini tissue is exocrine nature

- secretes digestive juices

Question 22

What are the types of endocrine cells?

Answer 22

1) Alpha
2) Beta
3) Delta
4) PP or F cells

Question 23

What are alpha cells?

Answer 23

• secrete insulin
• decrease blood glucose
• antagonizes the effects of glycogen
• BLOOD GLUCOSE LOWERING HORMONE

Question 24

What are delta cells?

Answer 24

• secrete pancreatic polypeptides

- influences digestion and the distribution of food molecules

Question 25

What is they thymus gland?

Answer 25

• large in childhood, smaller in adults
• located in the mediastium
• a lymphatic organ
• produces thymosins and thymopetins
• helps differentiate between WBC’s and mature T- cells
• serves an immune function

Question 26

What do the testes secrete?

Answer 26

testosterone

Question 27

What do the ovaries secrete?

Answer 27

estrogens and progesterones

Question 28

What does the placenta secrete?

Answer 28

hCG - choronic gonadotropin

• stimulates the development of the maternal ovarian tissues that help maintain a pregnancu
• measured in pregnancy tests

Question 29

What does the heart produce?a

Answer 29

atrial naturetic peptide ( ANP)

Question 30

What does the GI tract produce?

Answer 30

various peptide hormones with digestive functions

Question 31

What do the kidneys produce?

Answer 31

erythropoietin

stimulates the formation of eurthrocytes

Question 32

What does the skin produce?

Answer 32

• cholencalciferol

- inactive form of vit. D

Question 33

What does adipose tissue produce?

Answer 33

• leptin

- involved with appetite control