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Anatomy Midterm > The Autonomic Nervous System > Flashcards

The Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the majour function of autonomic sensory receptors?

A

Detecting the internal environmental conditions in the body

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2
Q

What is the function of chemoreceptors?

A

assessing blood (CO2), blood pH & blood glucose

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3
Q

What is the function of mechanoreceptors?

A

detecting the degree of stretch in the walls of BV’s and organs

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4
Q

what is the function of nociceptors?

A

detecting visceral pain

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5
Q

Where are the motor effectors in the ANS found? (3)

A
  1. Smooth muscle
  2. Cardiac muscle
  3. Glands
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6
Q

Can tissue function continue if there is nerve damage to an ANS-controlled tissue?

A

yes.
The beart beats on its own even if nerves to it are severed or damaged.
Some glands secrete even without ANS control

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7
Q

Describe an ANS motor unit

A

2 - neuron chain

  1. preganglic neuron
  2. postganglionic neuron
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8
Q

Describe the functions of the preganglionic & postganglionic neurons

A

Impluses leave the CNS via a prehanglionic neuron, which then synapses with the postganglionic neuron which then synapses with the effector

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9
Q

Where are the cell bodies of postganglionic neurons found?

A

Outside the CNS

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10
Q

What is another name for cell-bodies of postganglionic neurons?

A

autpnomic ganglia or motor ganglia

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11
Q

Describe the preganglionic neuron

A

extends from the CNS to the autonimic ganglion.
thin & lightly myelinated
CCell body is in the CNS

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12
Q

Describe the axon of the prehanglionic neuron

A

it forms part of the spinal or cranial nerve as it lewaves the CNS

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13
Q

what is the neurotransmitter thats preganglionic neurons produce?

A

acetylcholine (Ach)

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14
Q

Describe the postganglionic neuron

A

Extends from the preganglionic neuron to the effector.
Thinner & unmyelinated.
Entirely outside the CNS

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15
Q

What are the 2 branches of the ANS and motor division?

A
  1. Sympathetic (thoracolumbar)

2. parasympathetic (craniosacral)

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16
Q

What is the majour function of the sympathetic NS?

A

Emergency response

When there is a real or percieved threat on homeostasis

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17
Q

What is the fight or flight response?

A

when the body is under stress it either fights or flees from this stress.
Occus because of the sympathetic NS

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18
Q

What are the sympathetic responses?

A

Higher/increased: heart rate, BP, blood sugar, BPM, sweat
Dialated pupils & bronchi
Constriction of BV’s
Slowed digestion & urine production
Stimulation of adrenal gland (release of epinephren)

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19
Q

Where are the preganglionic neaurons foudn in the sympathetic NS?

A

The dendrites & ceoll bodies are found within the lateral grey horns in the thoracis & lumbar segments of the spinaal cord

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20
Q

How many postganglionic neurons does one preganglionic neuron synapse to?

A

multiple

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21
Q

What does cholinergic mean?

A

the type of neurons found in the sympathetic NS because acetylcholine is used.

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22
Q

Where is the sympathetic chain ganglia found?

A

extend from the C2 to the coccyx

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23
Q

Are presympathetic neurons long or short?

A

short

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24
Q

Are the preganglionic neurons myelinated?

A

yes

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25
Q

Are the postganglion neurons myelinated?

A

no

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26
Q

Where are the cell bodies & dendrites of postganglionic neurons found?

A

in the sympathetic chain ganglia

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27
Q

Where are the axons of the postganglionic neurons foud?

A

Very long.

Extend from the sympathetic chain ganglia to the effector cells

28
Q

What are the 3 ways in which preganglionic & postganglionic neurons synapse?

A
  1. Preganglionic axon with poostganglionic neuron at the first gonglion entered
  2. Preganflionic axon may go up or down the chain of sympathetic chain ganglia to arrive at ganglia above/below its original exit point from the cord & synapse with postganglionic neurons at the new location
  3. The preganglionic neuron will continue & synapse at a secondary ganglia with multiple post-ganglionic neurons (this makes it wide spread & invlove many organs.
29
Q

What are the types of postganglionic neurons?

A
  1. Adrenergic

2. Cholinergic

30
Q

What is the most common type of postganglionic neuron?

A

Adrenergic

31
Q

What do adrenergic neurons release?

A

norepinephrine (Nepi)

32
Q

How is the adrenal gland stimulated?

A

When there is prolonged sympathetic activity

33
Q

What does the adrenal gland produce?

A

norepinephrine & epinephrine

34
Q

What are the types of adrenergic receptors? (2)

A
  1. Alpha

2. Beta

35
Q

What are alpha receptors stimulated by?

A

Norepinephrine (Nepi)

36
Q

What are the 2 subtypes of alpha receptors?

A
  1. ⌥1

2. ⌥2

37
Q

What are the subtypes based upon?

A

their precise response to NT (nervous tissue) and various drugs that can inhibit or activate them.

38
Q

What does ⌥1 receptors produce?

A

The stimulation/excitation of the effector

39
Q

Where are ⌥1 receptors found?

A

on the plasma membranes of smooth muscle cells in the BV walls

40
Q

What do ⌥1 receptors cause?

A

constriction of smooth muscle & constriction of blood vessels

41
Q

what is the function of ⌥2 receptors?

A

they bind with Nepi/epi & cause the inhibition of the effector

42
Q

What are BETA receptors stimulated by?

A

epi/nepi

43
Q

What are the subtypes of BETA receptors? (3)

A
  1. ⌥1
  2. ⌥2
  3. ⌥3
44
Q

What is the ultimate influence of epi/nepi?

A

depends on which receptors are present on the effectors cells

45
Q

Describe ⌥2 BETA receptors

A

INHIBITED by epi, nepi
Found in plasma membranes in smooth muscle cells & in BV walls.
Therefore epi/nepi causes these cells to relax

46
Q

Describe ⌥1 BETA receptors

A

STIMULATED by epi/nepi
Found in cardiac muscle cells
When epi binds to these receptors the cardiac muscle is stiumlated/excited producing an increased heart rate.

47
Q

What is the function of drugs called “beta-blockers”

A

They block the beta receptors

Therefore lower HR & BP

48
Q

What is the parasympathetic NS also known as?

A

“rest & repair” or “rest & digest”

49
Q

What are some parasympathetic responses?

A 
lower HE & BP
Increased digestion & urine production/elimination
Dialation of cornary BV's
Constriction of pupils & bronchioles
Increased secretion of tears & saliva
50
Q

Where are preganglionic neurons found in the parasympathetic NS?

A

the dendrites & cell bodies are found in brain stem nuclei & in the lateral grey horns of the 2nd - 4th sacral segments of the spinal cord
“craniosacral division”

51
Q

Where do the preganglionic & postganglionic neurons synapse in the parasympathetic NS?

A

At the terminal ganglia

Close to effectors far from CNS

52
Q

Describe preganglionic neurons in the parasympathetic division

A

Long axons
Synapse to a single postganglionic neuron = single effector
Therefore localized

53
Q

Describe the postganglionic neurons in the parasympathetic NS

A

Tend to be short

Cell bodies & dendrites are found in the ganglia/terminal ganglia which are embedded effector

54
Q

What is the ONLY neurotransmitter used in the parasympathetic NS?

A

Acetylcholine (Ach)

55
Q

What are the types of cholinergic receptors?

A
  1. Nicotine

2. Muscarine

56
Q

What is the function of cholinergic neurons?

A

release Ach at their synapse with sweat glands

Therfore it stimulates the production & secretion of sweat glands

57
Q

where are cholinergic receptors found?

A

In plasma membranes of cells making up the sweat glands

58
Q

Where are nicotine receptors foud?

A

on the postganglionic neurons is both the sympathetic & parasympathetic nervous systems
ALSO found in the skeletal muscle cells at the neuromuscular junctions

59
Q

What effect doers Ach have on nicotinic and muscarine receptors?

A

nicotine –> stimulte/excite the cell containing the receptors
Muscarinic –> stimulation/excitement or INHIBITION

60
Q

How can the action of the neurotransmitter be determined?

A
  1. Reuptake of the neurotransmitter

2. Enzyme breakdown

61
Q

How can enzymes be broken down?

A

ACETYLCHOLINE (Ach) –> ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE

NEPI –> Catechol - 0 - methyltranferase (COMT) or (MAO)

62
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus with the ANS?

A

Somatic senses, visceral autonomic sensary imput plus smell/taste

63
Q

What is the function of the limbic system?

A

Sends emotional imput to the hypothalamus

64
Q

Where does the hypothalamus send motor signals?

A

1> autonomic control centers in the brainstem (cardiac & respitory control centers)
2. Spinal cord (defication turination reflex centers)

65
Q

Describe what parts of the hypothalamus parts of the hypothalamus control the sympathetic & parasympathetic divisions?

A 
Sympathetic = posterior & lateral
parasympathetic = Anterior & medial

Anatomy Midterm (6 decks)

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