Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy Midterm > Sensory, Motor & Intergrative Systems > Flashcards

Sensory, Motor & Intergrative Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Describe how information flows as a sensory input

A

From the PMS to the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Describe how info flows as a motor output

A

From the CNS to the PNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is a sensation?

A

Conscious or subconscious awareness of external or internal stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is perception?

A

Conscious awareness and the interpretation of meaning of sensations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is sensory modality?

A

each unique type of sensation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are general senses?

A

Somatic and Visceral

Senses detected by tiny receptors scattered on the skin, muscles, tendons, joints, CT & mucosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What do somatic sensory receptors detect?

A

Pressure, pain, temperature, touch, vibration & proprioception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What do visceral sensory receptors detect?

A

Changes in the conditions within the viscera (internal organs)
May include stretch, chemical changes ect.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the special senses?

5

A

1) Sight
2) Hearing
3) Taste
4) Smell
5) Equilibrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is sensory selectivity?

A

Each sensory receptor can only detect a specific sense

Uour ears cannot taste your food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the stages in the production of a sensation?

4

A

!) Stimulation of the sensory receptor

2) Transduction of the stimulus
3) Generation of nerve impulses
4) Integration of the sensory input

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does transduction do to the stimulus?

A

Transduction turns the original stimulus into a graded potential
Thus changing chemnical energy into electrical energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How does the generation of nerve impuses occur (stage 3)?

A

The graded potential must be large enough to stimulate an action potential
First order neurons from the PNS to the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe how the sensory output is integrated (stage 4)?

A

Sensory nerve impulses are integrated by various portions of the CNS
Mainly the cerebral cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the function of sensory receptors?

A

Respond to stimuli by converting the original stimulus into a nerve impulse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is a graded response or receptor potential

A

produced when the stimulus is adequit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is adaption?

A

If a stimulus is continuous the magnitude of the receptor potential generated will decrease over time
Therefore a larger stimulus will be needed in order to get the same response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are “rapidly adapting receptors”?

3

A

Touch
Pressure
Smell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are “slowly adapting receptors”?

3

A

Pain
Body position
Chemical conditions of the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Where are somatic sensory receptors found in high density’s?

3

A

Lips
Tip of tongue
Tips of fingers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How do we classify sensory receptors by location in the body
(3)

A

Exteroceptors
Visceroceptors/interoceptors
Proprioceptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Describe Exteroceptors

A

Found on or very near to the body surface
Detect stimuli from the external environmeny
Include receptors for special senses, cutaneous receptors for touch, pressure, pain & temperature.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Describe visceroceptors/interceptors

A

Found internally within the viscera
Found in BV’s, Muscles, NS & visceral organs
Monitors the bodies internal environment by detecting changes in chemicals, stretch, pressure & body temp
Also includes sensations of hunger & thirst

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are proprioceptors?

A

Specialized receptors
Found in skeletal muscles, joins, capsules, the inner ear & tendons ONLY
They respond to muscle stretch and movement to help orientate us in space

2 types

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the types of proprioceptors?

2

A

1) Tonic proprioceptors

2) Phasic proprioceptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are tonic proprioceptors?

A

non- adaptive

they tell where the body is when the body is at rest (not moving)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are phasic proprioceptors?

A

Rapidly adaptive

They tell where the body is while its moving

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

How are sensory receptors catagorized by the stimulus detected?
(5)

A

1) Mechanoreceptors
2) Chemoreceptors
3) Nociceptors
4) Thermoreceptors
5) Photoreceptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Describe Chemoreceptors

A

Respond to chemical change

Used for detecting sensations of smell, detect blood sugar levels, blood, pH, and blood O2

30
Q

What are nociceptors?

A

Respond to potentially damaging stimuli that result in pain

A defensive warning signal for the body

31
Q

What are thermoreceptors?

A

Respond to changes in temperature

Help monitor core body temp. and the temp. on the skins surface

32
Q

What are photoreceptors?

A

Respond to light energy
Found in the retina of the eye
In human eye–> can only respond to light energy on the “visible spectrum”

33
Q

How are sensory receptors catagorized by structural complexity at the microscopic level?
(3)

A

Free nerve endings
Encapsulated nerve endings
Seperate cells

34
Q

Describe free nerve endings

A 
Simplest, most common
foudn everywhere
bare dendrites structural complexities
visible under light microscore
mostly respond to pain, temp, itching, tickleing, and some touch
35
Q

What are encapsulated nerve endings?

A

Receptor structure is enclosed in a specialized CT capsule & has distinct structural complexities
Almost all are mechanoreceptors
ex. Pacinion corpuscle & meissners corpuscle

36
Q

What is Pacinion corpuscle?

A

A lamellated receptor that detects deep pressure

37
Q

What is Meissner’s corpuscle?

A

Detects tactile touch & discriminative touch

38
Q

What are receptors that are special cells?

A

Used for detecting special senses
A seperate receptor cell synapses with a first - prder sensory neuron (chemical synapse)
Found in hair cells (hearing & equilibrium) gustatory chemoreceptors in taste buds, photoreceptors in the eye

39
Q

What are the modalities that make up somatic sensations

4

A

Tactile (touch)
Temperature
Pain
Proprioception

40
Q

What are tactile sensations sensed with?

2

A

Encapsulated –> touch, pressure, vibration –> use “A fibres”
Free nerve endings –> itch, tuckle, touch –> use “C fibres”

41
Q

What are the rapidly adapting touch receptors?

A

1) Meissner’s corpuscle

2) Hair root plexuses

42
Q

Describe Meissner’s corpuscles

A

Detect fine touch
Found in the dermal papillaw of hairless skin
Density distributed on hands, eyelids, tip of the tongue, lips, nipples, soles, and external genitalia

43
Q

Describe hair root plexuses

A

Free nerve endings wrapped around hair follicles & detect movement of the hair caused by wind, water etc.

44
Q

What are the types of slow adapting touch receptors?

2

A

Merkel Disc’s

Ruffini’s Corpuscles

45
Q

What are merkel disks?

A

Free nerve endings with contacts to Merkel cells in the epidermis’ stratum basale.
They are type II mechanoreceptors that are densest in the lips, hands, fingertips, and external genetalia

46
Q

What are Ruffini’s corpuscles?

A

A type II cuaneous mechanoreceptor
Found in ligaments, tendons, the deep portion od the dermis
densest on soles and hands
respond to stretching due to movement

47
Q

Describe pressure

A

Not well localized precieved over a large surface
Produced as a result of a disturbance in deeper tissue (great force needed)
Type II mechanoreceptor such as a lamellated encapsulated nerve endings and touch corpuscles

48
Q

Where are pressure receptors found?

A

1) dermis & subcutaneous layers
2) beneath the mucus & the serous membranes
3) aroud the muscles, joints % tendons
4) periostium
5) mammary gland & external genitalia
6) some Viscera (pancrea & bladder)

49
Q

Describe Vibration

A

Felt by tactile receptors that produce a series of rapid, repeditory nerve impulses
Detect vibration = corpuscles of touch & the pacinan vibrations

50
Q

Describe itch

A

Occus when certain chemicals in the body stimulate free nerve endings
These include: Bradykinins, protaglodins & other chemicals released during an inflammatory response

51
Q

Describe tickle

A

Produced when someone touches you, stimulating free nerve endings & lamellated corpuscles.

52
Q

Where are cold temp. receptors found?

A

Closer to the surface of the body because most of the time, cooling of the body is due to external influences.

53
Q

Describe thermal/temperature sensations

A

Produced by thermoreceptors which respond to changing temperature

54
Q

Where are warm receptors foud?

A

in the dermis because most of the time the body over heating is due to external influences
Send info via “C-Fibres”
They respond to 32°C to 48°C

55
Q

Where are cold receptors found?

A

Epidermis (stratum basale)
Spend input via “B fibres”
React to 10°C-40°C

56
Q

What are nociceptors?

A

Receptors that detect pain

Free of nerve endings

57
Q

Do nociceptors display adaption?

A

Little to none

because a stimulation that could cause damage should NOT be ignored

58
Q

What can activate nociceptors?

A

High intense stimulation of other receptors such as temperature, touch, pressure or chemical stimuli

59
Q

What are the types of pain?

2

A

Fast pain

Flow pain

60
Q

Describe fast pain

A

pain that is elicited within 0/sec of stimulation (immediately)
uses medium-diameter, myelinated neurons
Acute, sharp & pricking pain”
Not felt in deep tissues

61
Q

What is slow pain

A

Pain that sets in/or more seconds after
Once started it will increase
Uses small-diameter, unmyelinated neurons
Described as chronic, burning, churning, & aching

62
Q

Where is superficial somatic pain detected?

A

Cia the nocireceptors in the skin

63
Q

Where is the deep somatic pain detected?

A

By the nociceoptors located in the deeper tissues, such as joints, tendons, fasia & skeletal muscles

64
Q

Where does viscera pain arise from?

A

nocireceptors found in the visceral organs are stimulated & can be particularly difficult & hard to bear

65
Q

What time of pain is easy/difficult to localize?

A

Fast paion = easy to localize
Slow pain = Can be localized well but over a larger area
Slow Visceral pain =- can be localized percisely but can be felt on the skin

66
Q

What is proprioceptian?

A

Permits us to have knowledge of where our body uis located without visual clues

67
Q

What determines the orientation of our head?

A

Determined by the hair cells int he inenr ear that detect where the head is in relation to the ground & the body
This is how we can perform complex skeletal movements & visual coordination (dressing, typing etc)

68
Q

What is Kinaesthesia?

A

Perception of body movements

69
Q

What are the types of preprioceptors?

3

A

Muscle Spindles
Tendon organs
Joint kinaesthic receptors

70
Q

Decsribe: muscle spindles

A

Found in skeletal muscles & respond to the degree of stretch in those muscles & allow the brain to set muscle tone

71
Q

Describe: Tendon organs

A

Found where a tendon is joined to a muscle

prevents the over-stretching/damage to the skin

72
Q

Describe join kinasthetic receptors

A

Foud in the articular capsules of synovial join & respond tyo the pressure that is impacting the joint capsule itself.

Anatomy Midterm (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions