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Anatomy Midterm > The Endocrine System I > Flashcards

The Endocrine System I Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the endocrine system?

A

Acts with the nervous system for communication & coordination to produce homeostasis
hormones are the product of this system

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2
Q

Where do hormones of once released?

A

Released into interstitial fluid and then diffuse directly into the blood or lymph

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3
Q

Where do hormones go after their in the blood/lymph

A

They are carried by the blood/lymph to the target cells

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4
Q

Compare hormone action & the NS

A

Hormone action is slower & longer lasting then actions produced by the nervous system

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5
Q

Why do only target cells respond to the hormone?

A

Due to specificity

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6
Q

What contributes to the sensitivity of hormones?

A

The # of receptors present on a target cell

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7
Q

What is down regulation

A

A decrese in the # of receptors cell that is produced when the (hormone) is consistently very high

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8
Q

What is the result of down regulation?

A

Decreased sensitivity

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9
Q

What is up regulation

A

An increase in the # of receptor cells produced when the (hormone) is low

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10
Q

What is the result of up regulation

A

Increased sensitivity of target cells

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11
Q

What are the 2 things hormones can do to rxn’s?

A

Inhibit

Stimulate

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12
Q

What are the major types of hormones?

2

A

Circulating

Lingering

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13
Q

What are circulating hormones?

A

They are released from their gland into the lymph/blood to be sent to all body areas
Have more lingering effects.
They are eventually metabolically inactivated by the liver & excreted by the kidneys

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14
Q

Describe local hormones

A

They have an effect on the cells that secreted them & nearby cells before entering the blood circulation
They tend to have a shorter action due to rapid inactivation

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15
Q

What are the types of hormones (by general function)?

3

A

Tropic hormones
sex hormones
anabolic hormones

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16
Q

Describe tropic hormones

A

Act by causing other endocrine glands to grow and/or secrete products

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17
Q

What are sex hormones?

A

Act on reproductive tissue specifically

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18
Q

What are anabolic hormones?

A

Cause tissue-building (anabolic) reactions to occur in their target cells

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19
Q

How do we classify hormones (by chemical nature)

2

A

steroid hormones

Non-steroid hormones

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20
Q

Describe steroid hormones

A

All contain cholesterol
They are hydrophobic
Travel in blood bound to transport & proteins which increase the stability of the hormone in the blood

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21
Q

What are examples of steroid hormones?

A

Cartisol, aldosterone, estrogen, testosterone, progesterone, thyroid hormone & nitric oxide

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22
Q

What is the purpose of transport proteins?

A

Prevent small hormone molecules from being filtered out of the blood into the urine (where they would be lost
Allow hormone levels in the blood to build up & provide a ready supply of additional hormones.

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23
Q

What happens once a steroid hormone reaches the target cell?

A

It readily crosses the plasma membrane & the nuclear membrane to reach it’s receptor, in the nucleus

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24
Q

Describe non-steroid hormones

A

Protein & amino acid derivatives
They are hydrophilic so they do not cross membranes easy
They travel in the blood freely (no proteins)

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25
Q

What are some examples of steroid hormones?

A 
Protein hormones (insulin, parathyroid growth hormones
Peptide hormones (oxytocin, antidioretic
AA derivatives (norepinephrine, thyroxinel)
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26
Q

What are second messengers?

A

Used in non-steroid hormones
The hormone binds to the plasma membrane & the second messenger is activated so the hormone itself never has to enter the cell

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27
Q

What is hormone secretion regulated by?

A

A negative feedback mechanism

28
Q

How does the NS influence the endocrine system?

A

The NS influences the autonomic nervous system & the hypothalamus

29
Q

What is the hypophysis?

A

The pituitary gland attached to the hypothalamus (direct link to NS)
Controlled by the hypothalamus
Provides a distinct anatomical & brain connection
Regulates many body functions

  1. anterior lobe (adenohypophysis)
  2. posterior lobe (neurohypophysis)
30
Q

What is the adenohypophysis?

A

Anterior pituitary
“master gland” of endocrine system
Composed of regular endocrine secretory cells
hormones are controlled by “releasing hormones in the hypothalamus”
most are stimulatory
Hormone secretion is under chemical control

31
Q

What are the hormones of the adenohypophysis?

7

A 
Growth hormone (GH)
Thyroid - stimulating hormone (TSH)
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
follicle - stimulating hormone (FSH)
Lutenizing hormone (LH)
Prolactin
Melanocyte - Stimulating hormone
32
Q

What is the growth hormone?

A

-somatotropin
-stimulates the division of cells and growth in the body via protein synthesis
-

33
Q

What are the disorders of GH hormones?

A

1) gypersecretion - giantism and acromegaly

2) hyposecretion - hypopituitary dwarfism

34
Q

Whare are the 2 releasing hormones in the hypothalamus?

A

1) GHIH

2) GHRI

35
Q

What is the thyroid stimulation hormone?

A

controlled by the thyroid releasing hormone

36
Q

What is the adrenocorticotropic hormone?

A

controls the release of cortical from the adrenal gland

37
Q

What occurs onces the hormone reaches the nucleus?

A

directly influences the DNA

38
Q

What can excessive stress cause?

A

it can override negative feedback resulting in too much cortisol

39
Q

What is the follicle-stimulating hormone?

A

triggers the onset of puberty

40
Q

What does the FSH affect in females?

A

secretion of estrogen

41
Q

What does FSH affect in men?

A

development of tubules and sperm production

also helps develop gonads

42
Q

What is gonadotropin?

A

hormone that contirbutes to gonad development

43
Q

What is the lutenizing hormone?

A

females : stimulates ovulation and the secretion of estrogen and progesterone

males: stimulates testes and the release of testosterone

44
Q

What is prolactin?

A

hormone that helps to initate brease development and milk production

45
Q

What is the melanocyte stimulating hormone?

A

uncertain of true function

46
Q

What are the neurohypopjhysis?

A

posterior pituitary .. composed of neural tissue

47
Q

What hormones does the neurohypophysis secrete?

A

ocytocin and antidiuretic hormone

48
Q

What is the antidiuretic hormone?

A

promotes water reabsorbtion in the kidneys .. controls blood volume and pressure

49
Q

What does alcohol do to ADH?

A

inhibits it

results in dehydration

50
Q

What does hypsecretionof ADH cause?

A

results in diabeties inspinatus

51
Q

What is oxytocin?

A

released in large amounts during child birth

stimulates uterine contractions

52
Q

What is the pineal gland?

A

regulates the bodies biological clock

53
Q

What is melatonin

A

secreted by the pineal gland
can induce sleep levels
can influence the onset of puberty

54
Q

What is the thyroid gland?

A

largest endocrine gland

highly vascularized

55
Q

What hormones does the thyroid gland produce?

A

thyroid hormone and calcitonin

56
Q

What is collid?

A

throglobylin attached to iodine

gives rise to the thyroid hormone

57
Q

What are T3 cells?

A

triiodothyromine

58
Q

What are T4 cells?

A

tetraiodthyronine

59
Q

What is affected by the thyroid hormone

A

everything except the brain,testes, uterus, spleen and the gland itself

60
Q

How hows TH affect tissue production?

A

aids in tissue growth and development

especially skeletal and nervous tissue

61
Q

What carries T3 and T4 in the blood?

A

proteins:

1) thyroxine
2) abumin

62
Q

What happens when our body lacks iodine

A

enlargement of the thyroid gland

called a goiter

63
Q

What is graves disease?

A

hypersecretion of the thyroid hormone

64
Q

What is cretinism?

A

hyposecretion of the thyroid hormone

65
Q

What is myxedema?

A

hyposecretion of TH in adults

Anatomy Midterm (6 decks)

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