Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology 30 > The Endocrine System : Chapter 13 > Flashcards

The Endocrine System : Chapter 13 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are endocrine glands?

A

They send hormones directly into the bloodstream, which are then transported throughout the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are hormones?

A

Chemical messengers secreted by glands.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What makes up the endocrine system?

A

The endocrine system consists of the ENDOCRINE GLANDS and HORMONES.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Why do nervous system responses tend to be more rapid than endocrine system responses?

A

The nervous system is faster because the neurones are interconnected.
The endocrine system is slower because hormones must travel through the bloodstream.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are some similarities between the nervous and endocrine system?

A
  1. Some nervous system tissues secrete hormones.
  2. Some chemicals function as both neurotransmitters and hormones.
  3. Both systems include responses that are regulated by negative feedback loops.
  4. Homeostasis relies on BOTH systems acting together.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are three technologies that allow us to view glands in detail?

A
  1. High powered microscopes
  2. Staining hormones fluorescent
  3. Swallowing VERY SMALL amounts of radioactive material, then using nuclear scans
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

When hormones encounter their target cells, how do they affect them?

A
  1. Each target cell has receptors proteins
  2. Circulating hormones bind to their specific receptor proteins
  3. When hormones bind to its receptor, they trigger other reactions in the target cell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the three steroid/lipid based hormones?

A
  1. Testosterone
  2. Estrogen
  3. Cortisol?
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the four water based/non-lipid hormones?

A
  1. Epinephrine
  2. Human Growth Hormone
  3. Thyroxine
  4. Insulin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Lipid hormones can easily _________________________.

A

Diffuse through the lipid bilayer of cell membranes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Non-steroid (protein, peptide or amino acid) hormones:

A
  1. They CANNOT cross the phospholipid bilayer
  2. They bind to the receptor on the SURFACE of the cell membrane
  3. They initiate a cascade of reactions inside the target cell (signal transduction pathway)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Steroid/lipid hormones:

A
  1. CAN cross the phospholipid bilayer
  2. They bind to a receptor molecule in the CYTOPLASM
  3. The “receptor hormone complex” ENTERS THE NUCLEUS and BINDS to the DNA, causing certain genes to “turn on”.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Once a hormones message has been delivered, ___________________________________.

A

Enzymes inactivate the hormone.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are negative feedback loops?

A
  • A way to regulate hormones
  • When a certain blood concentration of a hormone is reached, or when target cells have responded to a specific hormone, the endocrine GLAND RELEASING the hormone is INHIBITED.
  • Thus the release of the hormone slows.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are tropic hormones?

A

Tropic hormones stimulate endocrine glands to release OTHER hormones.
Their TARGETS are other endocrine GLANDS.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Typically the __________ secretes a releasing hormone into the _____________, which causes it to release a tropic hormone into the bloodstream. The ___________ then stimulates the target gland to release a third hormone. This hormone travels to another target tissue and produces an _____________.

A
  1. Hypothalamus
  2. Anterior pituitary
  3. Tropic hormone
  4. Effect
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The endocrine glands have, or don’t have ducts?

A

Glands don’t have ducts.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The pituitary gland is controlled by the ______________________.

A

Hypothalamus via hormones and neurones.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The posterior pituitary releases __________ and __________ which are produced in the hypothalamus.

A
  1. ADH
  2. Oxytocin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The anterior pituitary! It produces and releases what 6 major hormones?

A
  1. Human growth hormone (hGH)
  2. Prolactin (PRL)
  3. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
  4. Adrenocorticotropic hormones (ACTH)
  5. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
  6. Leutinizing hormone (LH)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the blood vessels that carry releasing hormones from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary called? (The hormones inhibit or stimulate)

A

The portal system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

The __________ regulates growth development, and metabolism through the production and secretion of ___________.

A
  1. Anterior pituitary
  2. Human growth hormone (hGH)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Human growth hormone stimulates the growth of:

A
  1. Muscles
  2. Connective tissue
  3. Plates at the end of long bones which causes the ELONGATION of these bones.
24
Q

Hyper and Hyposecretion of hGH in CHILDREN results in:

A

Hyper: Giantism
Hypo: “pituitary” Dwarfism

25
Q

What does hypersecretion of hGH do in adults?

A

In adulthood, skeletal growth is complete. So since bones and soft tissues can’t grow anymore, they WIDEN.
This condition is called ACROMEGALY.
Causes many other health problems.

26
Q

What hormone does the thyroid release?

A

Thyroxine (T4)

27
Q

What is the function of thyroxine (T4)?

A
  1. To increase the rate at which the body METABOLIZES fats, proteins and carbohydrates for energy.
  2. Thyroxine does not have one specific target organ, but especially stimulates the cells of the heart, skeletal muscles, liver and kidney to increase cellular respiration.
28
Q

What would happen if the thyroid failed to develop in childhood?

A

A condition called CRETINISM will result.
Individuals become shorter than average and get developmental issues.

29
Q

Hypothyroidism in adults:

A

They tend to
1. Feel tired
2. Have slow pulse rate
3. Puffy skin
4. Lose hair
5. Gain weight

30
Q

Hyperthyroidism:

A
  1. Anxiety
  2. Insomnia
  3. Heat intolerance
  4. Irregular heartbeat
  5. Weight loss
31
Q

What happens when hyperthyroidism becomes severe?

A

GRAVES DISEASE..
- results when the body’s immune system attacks the thyroid
- causes selling of muscles around eyes

32
Q

What does thryroxine stimulating hormone(TSH) do?

A

Secreted by the anterior pituitary, it causes the thyroid gland to release thyroxine.

33
Q

What happens when thyroxine concentrations increase in the blood?

A

Thyroxine itself is fed back to the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary which SUPPRESSES the secretion of TSH and therefore thyroxine.

34
Q

What does the thyroid gland need to make thyroxine?

A

Iodine
(Remember from “T4 = thyroxine w/ FOUR iodine molecules in it”)

35
Q

What can a lack of iodine cause?

A

A lack of iodine means not enough thyroxine. Because of this, there is no signal to stop making TSH. The thyroid gland is overused and causes a GOITRE.

A goitre is the enlargement of the thyroid gland.

36
Q

What hormones regulate calcium levels?

A

Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone(PTH)

37
Q

How does calcitonin work?

A

When blood calcium concentrations get too high, calcitonin from the thyroid stimulates the uptake of calcium into bones. This lowers Ca2+ in the bones.

38
Q

How does parathyroid stimulating hormone(PTH) work?

A

1- When blood calcium levels start falling, our body releases PTH to stimulate bone cells to break down bone material and reabsorb the calcium into the blood.
2- It also stimulates kidneys to reabsorb calcium from urine (which activates vitamin D)
3- Vitamin D stimulates the absorption of calcium from food in the intestine.

39
Q

What are the adrenal glands?

A

They are two glands that sit on top of the kidneys, one each.
They are composed of two layers.
The inner layer is the ADRENAL MEDULLA. The outer layer is the ADRENAL CORTEX.

40
Q

What two hormones does the adrenal medulla release?

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine. Also known as adrenaline and non-adrenaline.
(These are stimulated by the nervous system, directly from the hypothalamus to the adrenal medulla)

41
Q

What do epinephrine and norepinephrine do?

A
  • They regulate SHORT TERM STRESS RESPONSE, aka fight or flight response.
  • They prepare the body by:
    1. Increasing metabolism
    2. Increasing breathing (dilation of bronchi)
    3. Increase heart rate (dilation of blood vessels in muscles)
    4. By converting glycogen to glucose in the liver
    5. Pupils in eyes dilate
42
Q

What counteracts the flight or fight response?

A

The parasympathetic nerves and acetylcholine.

43
Q

What does the adrenal cortex do?

A

It regulates LONG TERM STRESS RESPONSE.

44
Q

What hormones does the adrenal cortex release?

A
  1. Cortisol (glucocorticoid)
  2. Aldosterone (mineralocorticoid)
45
Q

What is the function of cortisol?

A
  • Often works in conjunction with epinephrine(but longer lasting).
  • It mainly raises blood glucose levels by promoting the BREAKDOWN OF MUSCLE PROTEIN into amino acids.
  • The amino acids are taken out of the blood by the liver, where they are used to MAKE GLUCOSE, then sent back to the blood.
  • It also breaks down fat cells
46
Q

The ________________ releases ________________ which causes the ___________ to release cortisol.

A
  1. Anterior pituitary
  2. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
  3. Adrenal cortex
47
Q

Cortisol is a natural _____________.

A

Anti inflammatory. (But it inhibits regeneration of connective tissue)

48
Q

What does aldosterone do?

A
  • It stimulates the distal and connecting tubules of the kidneys to increase the ABSORPTION OF SODIUM into the blood.
  • This increases the solute concentration of blood, bringing in MORE WATER from nephrons, INCREASING BLOOD PRESSURE.
49
Q

What does a damaged adrenal cortex/inadequate amounts of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids cause?

A

Addison’s disease
- hypoglycaemia
- sodium and potassium imbalances
- rapid weight loss and general weakness
- loss of sodium and water DUE to increased urine output
- blood pressure drop
- Needs immediate treatment or else severe electrolyte imbalance will be fatal

50
Q

What part of the pancreas releases hormones?

A

The ISLET OF LANGERHANS

The alpha cells inside release GLUCAGON.
The beta cells inside release INSULIN.

51
Q

What does insulin do?

A
  • It DECREASES the level of blood glucose.
  • It circulates throughout the body, acts on specific receptors and MAKES THE TARGET CELLS MORE PERMEABLE TO GLUCOSE.
  • It especially affects muscle cells and the liver (CR use high amounts of glucose and storage in liver)
  • As glucose decreases, insulin decreases
52
Q

What does glucagon do?

A
  • It INCREASES the level of blood glucose.
  • It stimulates the liver to convert glycogen back to glucose which is released back into the blood.
53
Q

What is diabetes mellitus?

A
  • Diabetes results when the body does not produce enough insulin, or does not properly respond to insulin.
  • Blood glucose tends to sharply rise after meals and remain high (Hyperglycaemia)
  • cells remain relatively impermeable to glucose and cannot obtain enough from blood.
  • The kidneys are incapable of reabsorb in all the glucose from the blood so it is EXCRETED IN THE URINE.
  • low energy, great thirst
54
Q

There are two major types of diabetes mellitus:

A
  1. Type 1 diabetes, aka juvenile diabetes or insulin dependant diabetes
  2. Type 2 diabetes, aka adult-onset diabetes and non-insulin dependant diabetes
55
Q

What is type 1 diabetes?

A

The immune system produces antibodies that attack and destroy the beta cells of the pancreas.

The condition is usually diagnosed in childhood and people must have daily injections forever.

56
Q

What is type 2 diabetes?

A
  • Insulin receptors gradually stop responding to insulin. OR the pancreas produces less insulin.
  • can be controlled with diet, exercise, and oral medications
  • w/o proper care, this can develop into type 1
57
Q

What was banning and bests contributions to the treatment of diabetes?

A

They found a way to isolate insulin.

Biology 30 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions