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Biology 30 > Reproduction And Development > Flashcards

Reproduction And Development Flashcards

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1
Q

What are gonads??

A

Organs that produce the reproductive cells, sperm and eggs. These two organs are called the TESTES and OVARIES.

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2
Q

Gametes:

A

Reproductive cells. The egg and the sperm.

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3
Q

What releases sex hormones?

A

The gonads.

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4
Q

What are the primary characteristics in a male?

A

Primary characteristics are the STRUCTURES that play a DIRECT role in reproduction.

  1. Gonads 2. scrotum
  2. penis 4. ductus deferens
  3. Seminal vesicles 6. prostate gland
  4. Epididymis 8. Coppers Gland
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5
Q

What are the primary characteristics in a female?

A

Primary characteristics are the STRUCTURES that play a DIRECT role in reproduction.

  1. Gonads 2. Oviduct
  2. Uterus 4. Cervix
  3. Vagina 6. Vulva
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6
Q

What are the secondary characteristics in a male?

A

The distinct set of features that are NOT DIRECTLY related to reproductive function are known as secondary characteristics.

Examples are:
1. Facial hair 2. Body hair 3. Deeper voice 4. Broader shoulders 5. Narrower hips
6. More obvious muscle development that the female.

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7
Q

What are secondary characteristics in a female?

A

The distinct set of features that are NOT DIRECTLY related to reproductive function are known as secondary characteristics.

Examples are:
1. Minimal facial hair 2. Minimal body hair 3. More prominent breasts 4. Higher voice
5. More rounded shoulders 6. Wider hips 7. Less obvious muscle development than the male

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8
Q

What is the scrotum? Definition and function:

A

A pouch of skin holding the testes outside the body.
It’s functions is to regulate the temperature of the testes

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9
Q

What are the seminiferous tubules?

A

A long coiled tube inside the inside the testes in which sperm are produced.

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10
Q

What are interstitial cells?

A

Interstitial cells are inside the seminiferous tubules and release/secrete testosterone.

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11
Q

Using spermatogenesis, the testis produces more than ______________ sperm a day. The seminiferous tubules are ____________ long.

A
  1. 100 million
  2. 250 m long
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12
Q

What is the acrosome?

A

The cap-like structure on the sperm. It stores enzymes that are needed to penetrate the protective layer surrounding the female egg. ( aka digestive enzymes)

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13
Q

What is the purpose of sperm middle section?

A

It contains mitochondria which provide energy for the movement of the cell.

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14
Q

What are Sertoli cells?

A

Sertoli cells are in the seminiferous tubules to SUPPORT and NOURISH the DEVELOPING sperm.

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15
Q

What is the epididymus?

A

From each testis, sperm is transported to the epididymus. Here the sperm become MATURE and MOTILE.

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16
Q

What is the ductus deferens?

A

A STORAGE DUCT connecting the epididymus and the ejculatory duct. (Formerly known as vas deferens?)

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17
Q

What is the ejuculatory duct?

A

Carries sperm from the ductus deferens to the penis.

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18
Q

What is the reproductive function of the penis?

A

To transfer sperm from the male to the female reproductive system.

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19
Q

Glans Penis? Foreskin?

A

The penis has a viable shaft with an enlarged tip called the glans penis.
A sheath of skin called foreskin surrounds and protects it. It has no reproductive function.

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20
Q

What is seminal fluid?

A

The multiple fluids that assist sperm come from the SEMINAL VESICLES, PROSTATE, and COWPERS gland.

Seminal vesicles - release fluid that contain sugar fructose to provide energy for sperm.
Prostate glands - secrete alkalines for neutralization (survival) and motility
Cowper’s gland - secretes mucous for lubrication and protection.

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21
Q

What is semen?

A

The combination of sperm and seminal fluids.

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22
Q

What is the urethra?

A

A duct that carries fluid through the penis. Sphincters prevent urine and semen from mixing.

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23
Q

Define the full pathway of the sperm.

A

Testes —> Epididymus —> Vas deferens + ( fluids from seminal vesicles, prostate and Cowper’s gland) —> Ejaculatory duct —> Urethra

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24
Q

The female reproductive system produce a limited amount of ______________, aka _________ or _________ (plural is__________)

A
  1. Eggs
  2. Oocytes
  3. Ovum
  4. Ova
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25
Q

What is an ovary?

A

The femme gonad, suspended in the abdominal cavity and produces eggs.

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26
Q

What is a follicle?

A

Structures in the ovary that produce a single egg every month.

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27
Q

What is ovulation?

A

When a follicle has matured, it RUPTURES, releasing the ovum into the oviduct. This event is called ovulation.

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28
Q

What is the oviduct?

A

A 10 cm long tube that carries the OVUM from the OVARY to the UTERUS.
It also temporarily holds it during ovulation.
It is lined with beating cilia that create movement.

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29
Q

Define fimbriae:

A

Thread-like projections sweeping over the ovary. They help move ovum to oviduct.

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30
Q

What is a uterus?

A

The uterus is a muscular organ that holds and nourishes a developing FETUS.

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31
Q

Define endometrium:

A

The LINING of the uterus which contains many blood vessels to provide nutrients to the fetus.

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32
Q

What is the cervix?

A

The opening at the base of the uterus.
It connects to the vagina.

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33
Q

What does the vagina do in reproduction?

A

It acts as an entrance for sperm.
It also is the exit for the fetus in childbirth.
(It stays strongly acidic to keep it healthy)

34
Q

The ovum survives in the oviduct for __________ after ovulation.

A

24 hours

35
Q

What happens if an egg encounters the sperm?

A

1) Fertilized egg(now a zygote) starts moving through the oviduct for several days before reaching
the uterus.
2) The endometrium thickens while uterus waits for zygote.
3) The zygote plants itself in the endometrium.
4) Development of the embryo begins.

36
Q

What happens if the egg does not encounter a sperm?

A

The endometrium disintegrates and its tissues and blood FLOW OUT of the vagina.
This is MENSTRUATION!

37
Q

What do the interstitial cells release and do?

A

They release testosterone which inhibit LH (or icsh).

38
Q

What do the seminiferous tubules release and do?

A

They release inhibin, which inhibit FSH.

39
Q

Why is sexual reproduction important?

A
  1. It ensures a species survival.
  2. It produces variation within a species.
  3. It provides a basis for natural selection within a species.
40
Q

What testes temperature is good?
How does it regulate this?

A
  1. 35 degrees Celsius
  2. If cold, it pulls toward body. If warm, it hangs lower away from body.
41
Q

What controls primary and secondary characteristics in males?

A

Testosterone.

42
Q

What does the Y chromosome do in fetal development?

A

It causes the release of testosterone which results in primary sexual characteristics, penis and testes.

43
Q

When does testosterone stimulate secondary characteristics?

A

At puberty.

44
Q

What does FSH secrete?

A

Progesterone in femlaes

45
Q

What does FSH do?

A

It stimulates production of sperm.

46
Q

What does high levels of testosterone do?

A

It acts on hypothalamus and anterior pituitary.
It inhibits GnRH and LH,
which inhibits FSH.

47
Q

What are the main masculine and feminine hormones?

A

Male - testosterone
Females - estrogen

Both have progesterone, females have much more.

48
Q

What does AIDS/HIV do?

A

It attacks specific white blood cells known as helper T-cells.

49
Q

What are the causes of hepatitis A, B and C?

A

A - water contaminated with fecal matter.

B - STI

C - blood to blood contact

50
Q

Which 3 STIS are bacterial?

A
  1. Chalmydia
  2. Gonorrhoea
  3. Syphilis
51
Q

Which 4 STIS are viral?

A
  1. HIV
  2. HPV
  3. Hepatitis
  4. Gentian herpes
52
Q

Which STI may infect babies during the birthing process?
What is the solution?

A
  1. Herpes
  2. C-section
53
Q

What is it called when testosterone levels decrease in a male?

A

Andropause.

54
Q

Estrogen is made in the ___________ and it targets the ___________.

A
  1. Ovary (follicle and corpus luetum)
  2. Body and uterus
55
Q

Estrogen is stimulated by ____________.

A

FSH and LH

56
Q

Progesterone is made in the ______ and targets the _________.

A
  1. Ovary (corpus luteum)
  2. Uterus and body
57
Q

What are the 4 phases of the menstrual cycle?

A

28 days long
1. Flow phase (1-5)
2. Follicular phase (5 - 14)
3. Ovulatory phase (day 14)
4. Luteal phase (14 - 28)

58
Q

Hormones in the flow phase:

A

LH down
Estrogen and progesterone down

59
Q

What happens in flow phase?

A

Ovary: corpus luteam degenerates
Uterus: Uterine contractions shed endometrium

60
Q

Hormones of follicular phase:

A

FSH up : promotes follicle development
Estrogen up (ovary secretes it)

61
Q

What happens in follicular phase?

A

Ovary: development of follicles
Uterus: restoration of the endometrium

62
Q

Hormones in the ovulation phase:

A

GnRH UP (bcuz of high estrogen)
LH up

63
Q

What happens on ovulation day?

A

The egg is released from the follicle.

64
Q

Hormones of the luteal phase:

A

Developing corpus luteum:
Estrogen UP
Progesterone UP

65
Q

What happens in luteal phase?

A
  • promoted development of the corpus luteum
  • endometrium continued to be built up
66
Q

Cell division without enlargement of the cells is known as _________.

A

Cleavage

67
Q

What is a marula?

A

It is when the zygote is a sphere of 16 cells.

68
Q

What is a blastocyst?

A

When the marula reaches the uterus and starts to fill with its fluids.

69
Q

Trophoblast and embryoblast?

A

Trophoblast is the outer layer of the cell for nourishment. It later becomes the CHORION then the PLACENTA.
Embryoblast is the inner layer of the cell. It becomes the EMBRYO and then FETUS then BABY!

70
Q

What happens in implantation?

A
  1. The trophoblast secretes enzymes to digest some endometrium
  2. It also secretes gCG which maintains corpus luteam, NO PERIOD
71
Q

What are the 3 layers that the embryonic disk forms?

A

The primary germ layers.
Ectoderm: outer skin and nervous tissue
Mesoderm: Muscles, organs, lymphatic, body cavities.
Endoderm: Respiratory, digestive, liver

72
Q

Gastrulation is….

A

The forming of germ layers.

73
Q

Neurulation:

A

The formation of the neural tube in 3rd week. (This eventually becomes brain and spinal cord)

74
Q

In week 3:

A

The nervous system develops, heart development begins. Germ layers separate and form organs. (Organogenesis)

75
Q

What is the notochord in weeks 3-8?

A

ROD LIKE CELLS at the back of the embryonic disk that will MAKE THE SKELETON!

76
Q

What is the yolk sac?

A

It forms below the embryonic sac and is the first site of blood cell formation.

77
Q

What is the amniotic sac?

A

It forms from the amnion to provide insulation against the cold.

78
Q

Function of chorion

A

Site of nutrients and waste.

79
Q

What happens in weeks 7-8?

A

90% of organs are formed.
Eyes developin
GENETALIA FORMED but not DIFFERENTIATED.
Now a fetus

80
Q

Functions of placenta:

A
  1. Nutrients
  2. Waste
  3. Oxygen
  4. Hormones
  5. Antibodies

Biology 30 (5 decks)

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