Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy > The Endocrine System (ch18) > Flashcards

The Endocrine System (ch18) Flashcards

1
Q

what are the physiological signals

A

electrical signals and chemical signals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

electrical signals

A

changes in the membrane potential of a cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

chemical signals

A
  • molecules secreted by cells into extracellular fluid
  • reponsible for most communication within the body
  • chemical signals act as ligands that bind to proteins to initiate a response
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

molecules in nervous system

A

neurotransmitters released locally in response to nerve impulses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

molecules in endocrine system

A

hormones delivered to tissue throughout body by blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

site of action for nervous system

A

close to site of release, at synapse; binds to receptors in postsynaptic membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

site of action for endocrine system

A
  • far from site of release (usually); binds to receptors on or in target cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

types of target cells in nervous system

A
  • muscle cells, gland cells, other neurons
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

types of target cells in endocrine system

A
  • cells throughout body
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

duration of action in nervous system

A

generally briefer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

duration of action in endocrine system

A

generally longer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

exocrine glands

A

secrete their products into ducts to be excreted to external environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

endocrine glands

A

do not have ducts, secret hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

receptors are constantly being _____ and ______

A

synthesized and broken down

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

down regulation makes cells

A

less receptive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

up-regulation makes cells more receptive

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

up-regulation makes cells more receptive

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

lipid soluble hormones

A

steroid hormones, thyroid hormones, nitric oxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

water soluble hormones

A

amine hormones, peptide hormones, eicosanoid hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

steriod hormones

A

derived from cholesterol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

thyroid hormones

A

although a protein, they behave like a lipid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

nitric acid

A

gas produced by endothelial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

amine hormones

A

decarboxylation of selected Amino Acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

peptide hormones

A

small to large proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

eicosanoid hormones

A
  • fatty acids that behave like proteins
  • classified as autocrine/paracrine hormones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

most water-soluble (hydrophilic) hormones circulate in _________

A

free form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what does preprohormone and prohormone refer to

A

inactive precursors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

how often are peptide hormones release

A
  • released in burst frequently throughout day.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

mechanism of lipid-soluble hormones

A
  • diffuse through the cell membrane
  • bind to receptors in the cytosol or nucleus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

cytoplasmic and nuclear receptors lead to what types of response

A

genomic response - which activate and represses gene transaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

thyroid hormones

A
  • behaves like steroid hormone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

T3 and T4 transported in blood by

A
  • thyroid-binding globulin (TBG)
  • transthyretin
  • albumin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

which hormones cannot cross the plasma membrane, so they must bind to the surface membrane receptors

A
  • amine, peptide, protein
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

g- protein once activated will….

A
  • open an ion channel in the membrane
  • turns on amplifier enzyme
34
Q

______ converts ATP into cyclic AMP

A

Adenylyl cyclase

35
Q

2nd messenger and function

A

Cyclic AMP
- alter ion channels
- activated protein kinase A

36
Q

1st messenger and function

A

hormone
- binds to surface cell receptors

37
Q

amplifier enzyme is most common in

A

G-protein

38
Q

synergistic effect

A

something is better when combined than each individual item

39
Q

permissive effect

A

hormone cannot fully work without the permission from another hormone

40
Q

antagonist effect

A

one hormone opposing the action of another hormone

41
Q

humoral stimuli

A

changes in composition of extracellular fluid
ex) rise in blood glucose levels triggers the pancreatic release of insulin

42
Q

hormonal stimuli

A

release of a hormone in response to another hormone

43
Q

neural stimuli

A

stimulates endocrine glands to release hormones

44
Q

simple endocrine reflex

A

cell senses a change in environment and then secrets a hormone in response

45
Q

complex neuroendocrine reflexes

A
  • involves two or more hormones
    -one organ typically releases hormones that control the release of additional hormones from another part of the body
46
Q

2 major groups of neurohormones

A
  • catecholamines
    hypothalamic neurohormones
47
Q

neurohypophysis stores and releases what

A
  • antidiuretic hormone ADH
  • oxytocin
48
Q

antidiuretic hormone ADH

A

-promotes H2O conservation by kidneys
- elevates BP
- contraction of blood vessels

49
Q

oxytocin

A
  • stimulates contractions of uterus during parturition
  • ejection of milk during breast feeding
50
Q

pars intermedia secrets _______ (MSH)

A

Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone

51
Q

increase in production of melanin helps with….

A
  • provides pigmentation to hair, eyes and skin
52
Q

when is MSH produced

A
  • mainly during fetal development
53
Q

adenohypophysis

A

produces and secrets majority of the hormones of pituitary gland

54
Q

function of IGF and growth hormone

A
  • increase growth of muscle, bone and soft tissue
  • decreases protein breakdown
  • enhances lipolysis and decrease glucose uptake
55
Q

hormones that use short look negative feeback

A
  • ACTH
  • prolactin
  • growth hormone
56
Q

what is hypersecretion

A
  • excess hormone
  • caused by exogenous administration or tumors
  • too much hormone is secreted
57
Q

prolonged exogenous exposure may cause?

A

glands to shrink, lose ability to regain normal function when exogenous use stops

58
Q

hyposecretion

A
  • amount of hormones that is released is to low
  • caused by decreased trophic hormone synthesis or atrophy of a gland
59
Q

primary hypersecretion

A

problem occurs at adrenal gland

60
Q

secondary hypersecretion

A

problem occurs with the enzyme

61
Q

tertiary hypersecretion

A

problem occurs at the hypothalamus

62
Q

primary hyposecretion

A

something wrong with adrenal gland

63
Q

secondary hyposecretion

A

something wrong with the pituitary gland

64
Q

tertiary hyposecretion

A

something wrong wtih hypothalmus

65
Q

cortex secretes ______

A

steroid hormones called corticosteroids

66
Q

different classes of hormones in cortex

A

mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, androgens

67
Q

mineralocorticoids

A

regulate mineral homeostasis

68
Q

glucocorticoids

A

affect glucose homeostasis

69
Q

androgens

A

produce weak masculinizing effects

70
Q

medulla secrets ____?

A

neurohormones

71
Q

subgroups of mineralocorticoids

A

aldosterone and desoxycorticosterone

72
Q

aldostrone secretion controlled by (in order)

A
  • blood K+ levels
  • Renin
  • blood Na+ levels
  • ACTH
73
Q

what is renin

A

hormone produced by kidneys

74
Q

action of aldostrone

A
  • renal extraction of K+ and H+
  • reabsorbs Na+ and water to maintain blood pressure and blood volume
75
Q

subgroups of glucocorticoids

A
  • cortisol
  • corticosterone
  • cortisone
76
Q

action of cortisol

A
  • gluconeogenesis in liver
  • causes breakdown of skeletal muscle proteins
  • enhances lipolysis
  • suppress immune system
  • causes negative Ca+ balance
  • influences brain function
77
Q

how much epinephrine and norepinephrine does the medulla secret

A

80% epinephrine
20% norepinephrine

78
Q

eustress

A
  • positive stress
79
Q

distress

A
  • negative stress
80
Q

what is hypercortisolism

A

when body produces too much cortisol

81
Q

cause of hypercortisolism

A

adrenal or pituitary tumors

82
Q

what does hypercortisolism lead to

A
  • hyperglycemia (mimics diabetes)
  • muscle breakdown (tissue wasting)
  • redistribution of body fat

Anatomy (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions