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Anatomy > Neural Tissue (ch12) > Flashcards

Neural Tissue (ch12) Flashcards

1
Q

Central Nervous System

A

brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

Peripheral Nervous tisse

A

neural tissue outside the CNS

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3
Q

Neural tissue cells

A

Neurons and Neuroglia

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4
Q

Neurons

A

unable to divide, send a receive signals

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5
Q

Neuroglia

A

support, nourish and protect neurons, maintains interstitial fluid the surrounds neurons, maintaiin regeneration capabilities

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6
Q

we have lots of neurons at _______

A

birth

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7
Q

neuron cytoskeleton includes

A

intermediate filament and microtubules

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8
Q

slow transport

A

1-5mm/day, moves material in one direction only

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9
Q

fast transport

A

200-400mm/day, moves material by way of motor proteins, flow can go in both directions

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10
Q

forward movement

A

anterograde

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11
Q

backward movement

A

retrograde

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12
Q

which cells makes up about half of the volume of cells of CNS

A

neuroglia cells

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13
Q

which cell can multiply in times of injury or illness to fill space formerly occupied by neurons

A

Neuroglia

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14
Q

Astrocytes

A
  • produce scar tissue
  • largest and most numerous neuroglia
  • connects with capillaries
  • helps surround blood vessels
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15
Q

function of astrocytes

A
  • create blood-brain barrier
  • transfer nutrients between capillaries and neurons
  • in embryo = help regulate growth and migration
  • maintain interstitial fluid
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16
Q

ependymal cells

A
  • cuboid or columnar cells
  • produce cerebrospinal fluid
  • long extensions
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17
Q

microglial cells

A
  • small cells with slender projections
  • immune cell
  • function as phagocyte
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18
Q

oligodendrocytes

A
  • responsible for forming & maintaining myelin sheath around axons
  • around 15-20 flat processes (extend to axons)
  • absent neurolemma, limits regrowth after injury
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19
Q

schwann cells

A
  • form and maintain myelin sheath around axon
  • neurolemma permits regeneration of axons following injury
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20
Q

satellite cell

A
  • surrounds bodies of neurons & peripheral nerves
  • regulate exchange of material between cells
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21
Q

which nervous tissue has a possibility of repair?

A

PNS if cell body is intact

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22
Q

_______ cannot grow if gaps are _______ or ______

A

Axons, too large, filled with collagen fibers

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23
Q

which nervous tissue has little to no repair

A

CNS - because of rapid formation of scar tissue

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24
Q

overall the body is ___________

A

electrically neutral

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25
Q

membrane potential is established by

A

chemical disequilibrium between ICF and ECF

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26
Q

resting membrane potential for cells in the body is

A

-5mV- -100mV

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27
Q

what creates membrane potential

A
  1. unequal distribution of ions across plasma membrane
  2. most intracellular anions
  3. electrogenic nature of Na+ and K+
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28
Q

Nernst equation

A

looks at 1 ion and describes membrane potential

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29
Q

Goldman-Hodgkins-Krats equation

A

predicts membrane potential of all ions that can cross membrane potential

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30
Q

how is resting membrane potential altered

A

changing membrane ion permeability

31
Q

channels that open is response to depolarization will only close when cell ______

A

repolarizes

32
Q

channels may spontaneously ______

A

inactivate with continual stimulus

33
Q

what are the gated channels

A
  • ligand-gated channel
  • mechanically-gated channel
  • voltage-gated channel
34
Q

what happens to the cell when the membrane potential becomes less negative than the resting potential

A

the cell depolarizes

35
Q

what happens to the cell if the membrane potential becomes more negative

A

the cell hyperpolarizes

36
Q

Recovery from hyperpolarization is known as what

A

repolarization

37
Q

graded potentials

A
  • take place in dendrite and cell of body neurons
38
Q

action potentials

A

circulate along the axon through voltage-gated channels

39
Q

why are graded potentials decremental

A
  • they take place in the dendrites and cell body of neuron
  • signal strength depends of the number of open channels
  • signal loses strength due to: current leak and cytoplasmic resistance
40
Q

trigger zone at axon hillock contains high concentration of what

A

voltage-gated channels

41
Q

how many gates does voltage-gated channels have?

A

2
- activation gate
- inactivation gate

42
Q

activation gate

A
  • fast
  • first to respond
  • influx of Na depolarizes membrane
43
Q

inactivation gate

A
  • .5msec delay
  • depolarization stops
44
Q

repolarization phase (AP)

A
  • Na+ channels reset
  • membrane becomes permeable to K+
  • delay in closing hyperpolarizes membrane
45
Q

hyperpolarization phase

A
  • some but not all channels have a reset
  • K+ channels are slowly closing
  • natural permeability to Na+ and K+ allow membrane to return to resting potential
46
Q

absolute refractory period

A

-typically 1-2 msec
- time required for Na+ channels to resent to resting position

47
Q

relative refractory period

A
  • may last as long as 15 msec
  • stronger than normal graded potential required to reopen Na+ channels
48
Q

two methods of propagation

A

continuous propagation & saltatory propagation

49
Q

saltatory propagation

A
  • myelin sheath prevents Na+. and K+ from leaving cell
  • allow action potential to leap from node to node
  • myelinated axons
50
Q

continuous propagation

A

unmyelinated axons

51
Q

Demyelinating diseases

A
  • multiple sclerosis
  • reduces or block conduction
52
Q

factors that affect the speed of propagation

A
  1. amount of myelination
  2. axon diameter
  3. temperature
53
Q

hypokalemia

A

low K+ concentration

54
Q

hyperkalemia

A

high K+ concentration

55
Q

hyperpolarized cell

A
  • harder to reach threshold
  • trouble activating muscle
56
Q

depolarized cell

A
  • easier to reach threshold
  • muscle spasm
57
Q

hyponatremia

A

low Na+

58
Q

hypernatremia

A

high Na+

59
Q

synapses communication occurs between

A
  • two neurons (interneural synapse)
  • neuron and an effector cell (neuromuscular or neuroglandular)
60
Q

electrical synapse

A
  • pass electrical signals through gap junctions
  • signal can be bi-directional
  • allows for fast communication
  • found in the CNS as well as in cardiac and smooth muscle
61
Q

chemical synapse

A
  • use neurocrine molecules to transmit signal
  • chemicals cross synaptic cleft and bind onto receptor
62
Q

neurotransmitters

A
  • direct affect on signal post-synaptic membrane
63
Q

neuromodulators

A
  • diffuse away from synaptic cleft to influence many other neurons
64
Q

neurohormone

A
  • diffuse into blood and behave as a hormone
65
Q

inonotropic receptors

A
  • binding sit and ion channel
  • mediate rapid responses
  • how most neurotransmitters function
  • specific to ion
66
Q

matabotropic receptors

A
  • G-protein mediated receptors
  • mediate slower responses
  • how most neuromodulators function
67
Q

types of chloinergic receptors

A
  • nicotinic receptors
  • muscarinic receptors
68
Q

nicotinic receptors

A
  • produces EPSP
69
Q

muscarinic receptors

A
  • G-protein coupled receptors
  • Mostly produces IPSP
70
Q

Convergent circuit

A
  • several presynaptic neurons influence one postsynaptic neurons
71
Q

diverging circuit

A
  • one presynaptic neurons influence several postsynaptic neurons
72
Q

reverberating circuit

A
  • impulses are ultimately sent back to the original neuron
  • ex) brainstem
73
Q

parallel after discharge circuit

A

one presynaptic neuron stimulates a group of neurons which synapse on a common neuron

Anatomy (6 decks)

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