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Anatomy > smooth and cardiac muscle physiology (ch10&20) > Flashcards

smooth and cardiac muscle physiology (ch10&20) Flashcards

1
Q

muscle classification by location

A

vascular, gastrointestinal, urinary, respiratory, reproductive, ocular

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2
Q

muscle classification by pattern

A
  • phasic smooth muscle
  • tonic smooth muscle
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3
Q

phasic smooth muscles

A

periodic contraction and relaxation

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4
Q

tonic smooth muscles

A

continuous state of contraction

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5
Q

muscle classification by communication

A

single unit and multi-unit smooth muscle

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6
Q

single unit

A

-smooth muscle cells that are connected by gap junction
- contract as a single unit

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7
Q

multi unit

A
  • smooth muscle cells are not electrically linked
  • each cells must be stimulated independently
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8
Q

anatomy of smooth muscle

A
  • operate over a range of lengths
  • can be arranged in multiple layers
  • cells are long and slender
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9
Q

_____ and __________ attach to dense bodies

A

actin and intermediate filaments

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10
Q

how do dense bodies act

A

as anchors dispersed throughout sarcoplasm

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11
Q

sliding filaments transfers ______ to ______ during contraction

A

tension, intermediate filaments

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12
Q

contraction resembles the action of what

A

corkscrew

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13
Q

what do smooth muscles lack ?

A

t-tubules and troponin

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14
Q

myosin filaments are longer compared to what muscle

A

skeletal muscle

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15
Q

entire surface of filament is covered with

A

myosin heads

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16
Q

which muscle is the slowest to contract and relax

A

smooth muscle

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17
Q

smooth muscle is dependent on _____ for contraction

A

calcium

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18
Q

how is smooth muscle contraction controlled

A

through myosin-linked process

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19
Q

in contraction Ca2+ binds to ____

A

calmodulin (CaM)

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20
Q

CaM activates which enzyme

A

MLCK

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21
Q

in relaxation Ca2+ is removed from _______

A

cytosol

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22
Q

slow wave electrical behaviours

A

cyclic depolarization and repolarization

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23
Q

pacemaker potentials electrical behaviour

A

regular depolarization that always reach threshold

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24
Q

normal working muscle fibers account for how much percent of cardiocytes?

A

99%

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25
specialized cells lack
contractile fibers and organized sarcomere
26
authorythmic cells
- smaller than contractile cells - generate spontaneous AP
27
purkinje cells
- larger than contractile cells - conduct AP quickly
28
contractile cells
- small individual cells - give stair-step appearance -single centrally located nucleus - cells join through intercalated disks
29
compared to skeletal muscle cardiomyocytes have
- more mitochondria - same actin arrangement - less abundant t-tubules but are wider and branching - smaller sarcoplasmic reticulum
30
steps for cardiac muscle contraction
1. AP moving down t-tubules opens voltage-gated Ca2+ channels 2. entering Ca2+ opens ryanodine receptor Ca2+ release channels lining SR 3. Ca2+ binds to troponin to initiate contraction
31
What does CICR stand for
Ca2+ induced Ca2+ released
32
____% of Ca2+ needed for contraction come from the SR and remaining ___% comes from extracellular fluid
90%, 10%
33
skeletal muscle contraction
- all or none principal - single stimulations
34
cardiac muscle contraction
- can be graded - generates more force
35
autorhythmic cells are also known as
pacemaker cells because they generate spontaneous AP
36
SA Nodel cells do what
most excitable cell and set the pace of the heart
37
autorythmic cells exhibits _______ membrane potential which stars at ____ mV
unstable, -60
38
AV node is the ________ between the atria and ventricles
gatekeeper
39
AV node ________ to allow the atria to contract before the ventricles
delays signal
40
_____ cells rapidly transmit signal ____ the septum
purkinje, down
41
electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)
- recording of electrical events in the heart - obtained by electrodes - helpful in diagnosing various abnormalities
42
an ECG is a ____ of electrical activity
vectoral addition
43
-ve to +ve direction produces
positive deflection
44
+ve to -ve direction produces
negative deflection
45
Einthoven's triangle
- imaginary inverted triangle formed around the heart by placement of bipolar leads
46
atrial depolarization
- causes atrial systol
47
p wave causes
atria depolarizes
48
QRS complex
ventricles depolarize
49
t waves
ventricles repolarize
50
P-Q interval
- conduction from start if atrial excitation to start of ventricular excitation - atria contract
51
Q-T interval
- time for ventricles to depolarize and repolarize - ventricles contract
52
cardiac cycle
- focus on pressure and volume changes within chambers in one heart beat
53
reference cycle
- 75bpm, cardiac lasts 300ms
54
systole
cardiac muscle contracts
55
diastole
cardiac muscle relaxes
56
when heart rate increases
all phases of cardiac cycle shorten
57
cardiac output
volume of blood pumped by ventricles each minute
58
ejection fraction
% of EDV represented by SV
59
factors affecting heart rate
- autonomic innervation, hormones, both influence SA and AV nodal cells
60
venous return
- flow of blood from periphery back to right atrium
61
stretching SA nodal cells ___________ depolarization rate
increase
62
factors affecting stroke volume
changes in either EDV or ESV
63
EDV is influenced by
- preload
64
ESV is influenced by
preload, contractility, afterload
65
a greater preload on ventricles _______ force of contraction
increases
66
_____ EDV leads to ____ ESV, which leads to _____ SV
increase, decrease, increase
67
filling leave
- duration of ventricular diastole dependent on heart rate
68
contractility
intrinsic ability to contract at any given length and is a function of Ca2+
69
inotropic effects alters what
contractility
70
positive inotropic agents
NE, E, drugs
71
negative inotropic agents
typically drugs that block Ca2+ channels
72
sympathetic and adrenal hormones have:
-positive chronotropic action - positive inotropic action
73
parasympathetic
- negative chronotropic action - no inotropic action
74
afterload
- pressure the ventricles need to overcome before the semilunar valves can open

Anatomy (6 decks)

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