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Anatomy > smooth and cardiac muscle physiology (ch10&20) > Flashcards

smooth and cardiac muscle physiology (ch10&20) Flashcards

1
Q

muscle classification by location

A

vascular, gastrointestinal, urinary, respiratory, reproductive, ocular

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2
Q

muscle classification by pattern

A
  • phasic smooth muscle
  • tonic smooth muscle
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3
Q

phasic smooth muscles

A

periodic contraction and relaxation

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4
Q

tonic smooth muscles

A

continuous state of contraction

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5
Q

muscle classification by communication

A

single unit and multi-unit smooth muscle

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6
Q

single unit

A

-smooth muscle cells that are connected by gap junction
- contract as a single unit

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7
Q

multi unit

A
  • smooth muscle cells are not electrically linked
  • each cells must be stimulated independently
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8
Q

anatomy of smooth muscle

A
  • operate over a range of lengths
  • can be arranged in multiple layers
  • cells are long and slender
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9
Q

_____ and __________ attach to dense bodies

A

actin and intermediate filaments

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10
Q

how do dense bodies act

A

as anchors dispersed throughout sarcoplasm

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11
Q

sliding filaments transfers ______ to ______ during contraction

A

tension, intermediate filaments

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12
Q

contraction resembles the action of what

A

corkscrew

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13
Q

what do smooth muscles lack ?

A

t-tubules and troponin

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14
Q

myosin filaments are longer compared to what muscle

A

skeletal muscle

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15
Q

entire surface of filament is covered with

A

myosin heads

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16
Q

which muscle is the slowest to contract and relax

A

smooth muscle

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17
Q

smooth muscle is dependent on _____ for contraction

A

calcium

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18
Q

how is smooth muscle contraction controlled

A

through myosin-linked process

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19
Q

in contraction Ca2+ binds to ____

A

calmodulin (CaM)

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20
Q

CaM activates which enzyme

A

MLCK

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21
Q

in relaxation Ca2+ is removed from _______

A

cytosol

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22
Q

slow wave electrical behaviours

A

cyclic depolarization and repolarization

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23
Q

pacemaker potentials electrical behaviour

A

regular depolarization that always reach threshold

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24
Q

normal working muscle fibers account for how much percent of cardiocytes?

A

99%

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25
Q

specialized cells lack

A

contractile fibers and organized sarcomere

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26
Q

authorythmic cells

A
  • smaller than contractile cells
  • generate spontaneous AP
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27
Q

purkinje cells

A
  • larger than contractile cells
  • conduct AP quickly
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28
Q

contractile cells

A
  • small individual cells
  • give stair-step appearance
    -single centrally located nucleus
  • cells join through intercalated disks
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29
Q

compared to skeletal muscle cardiomyocytes have

A
  • more mitochondria
  • same actin arrangement
  • less abundant t-tubules but are wider and branching
  • smaller sarcoplasmic reticulum
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30
Q

steps for cardiac muscle contraction

A
  1. AP moving down t-tubules opens voltage-gated Ca2+ channels
  2. entering Ca2+ opens ryanodine receptor Ca2+ release channels lining SR
  3. Ca2+ binds to troponin to initiate contraction
31
Q

What does CICR stand for

A

Ca2+ induced Ca2+ released

32
Q

____% of Ca2+ needed for contraction come from the SR and remaining ___% comes from extracellular fluid

A

90%, 10%

33
Q

skeletal muscle contraction

A
  • all or none principal
  • single stimulations
34
Q

cardiac muscle contraction

A
  • can be graded
  • generates more force
35
Q

autorhythmic cells are also known as

A

pacemaker cells because they generate spontaneous AP

36
Q

SA Nodel cells do what

A

most excitable cell and set the pace of the heart

37
Q

autorythmic cells exhibits _______ membrane potential which stars at ____ mV

A

unstable, -60

38
Q

AV node is the ________ between the atria and ventricles

A

gatekeeper

39
Q

AV node ________ to allow the atria to contract before the ventricles

A

delays signal

40
Q

_____ cells rapidly transmit signal ____ the septum

A

purkinje, down

41
Q

electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)

A
  • recording of electrical events in the heart
  • obtained by electrodes
  • helpful in diagnosing various abnormalities
42
Q

an ECG is a ____ of electrical activity

A

vectoral addition

43
Q

-ve to +ve direction produces

A

positive deflection

44
Q

+ve to -ve direction produces

A

negative deflection

45
Q

Einthoven’s triangle

A
  • imaginary inverted triangle formed around the heart by placement of bipolar leads
46
Q

atrial depolarization

A
  • causes atrial systol
47
Q

p wave causes

A

atria depolarizes

48
Q

QRS complex

A

ventricles depolarize

49
Q

t waves

A

ventricles repolarize

50
Q

P-Q interval

A
  • conduction from start if atrial excitation to start of ventricular excitation
  • atria contract
51
Q

Q-T interval

A
  • time for ventricles to depolarize and repolarize
  • ventricles contract
52
Q

cardiac cycle

A
  • focus on pressure and volume changes within chambers in one heart beat
53
Q

reference cycle

A
  • 75bpm, cardiac lasts 300ms
54
Q

systole

A

cardiac muscle contracts

55
Q

diastole

A

cardiac muscle relaxes

56
Q

when heart rate increases

A

all phases of cardiac cycle shorten

57
Q

cardiac output

A

volume of blood pumped by ventricles each minute

58
Q

ejection fraction

A

% of EDV represented by SV

59
Q

factors affecting heart rate

A
  • autonomic innervation, hormones, both influence SA and AV nodal cells
60
Q

venous return

A
  • flow of blood from periphery back to right atrium
61
Q

stretching SA nodal cells ___________ depolarization rate

A

increase

62
Q

factors affecting stroke volume

A

changes in either EDV or ESV

63
Q

EDV is influenced by

A
  • preload
64
Q

ESV is influenced by

A

preload, contractility, afterload

65
Q

a greater preload on ventricles _______ force of contraction

A

increases

66
Q

_____ EDV leads to ____ ESV, which leads to _____ SV

A

increase, decrease, increase

67
Q

filling leave

A
  • duration of ventricular diastole dependent on heart rate
68
Q

contractility

A

intrinsic ability to contract at any given length and is a function of Ca2+

69
Q

inotropic effects alters what

A

contractility

70
Q

positive inotropic agents

A

NE, E, drugs

71
Q

negative inotropic agents

A

typically drugs that block Ca2+ channels

72
Q

sympathetic and adrenal hormones have:

A

-positive chronotropic action
- positive inotropic action

73
Q

parasympathetic

A
  • negative chronotropic action
  • no inotropic action
74
Q

afterload

A
  • pressure the ventricles need to overcome before the semilunar valves can open

Anatomy (6 decks)

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