The Endocrine System

Question 1

type 1 diabetes

Answer 1

autoimmune disease in which insulin producing cells in the islets of Langerhans are destroyed

Question 2

type 2 diabetes

Answer 2

decrease sensitivity of insulin receptors on end-organ receptors

Question 3

consequences of diabetes

Answer 3

high blood glucose concentration causes damage to retina of eye, glomeruli, coronary vessels, cerebral vessels, and peripheral nerves.
Blindess, kidney failure, heart attacks, strokes, and limb amputations
polyuria - increased urination
polydipsia - increased thirst

Question 4

peptide hormones

Answer 4

made up of amino acids. Derived from large precursor peptides that are cleaved during post-translational modification (Golgi)

• -> use secondary messengers like cAMP and IP3
• –> effects are rapid but short lived

Question 5

steroid hormones

Answer 5

derived from cholesterol and produced by goons and adrenal cortex
intercellular and intra nuclear receptors
steroid-receptor complex alter DNA transcription rates
must be carried by proteins in bloodstream

Question 6

amino-acid derivative

Answer 6

Modified amino acids

EPI, NE –> fast and short lived
Triiodothyroninem thyroxine –> slow

Question 7

catecholamines

Answer 7

EPI, NE, 5-HT

bind to GPCR

Question 8

tropic hormones

Answer 8

stimulates production of another hormone by another endocrine gland

Question 9

suprachiasmatic nucleus

Answer 9

region of hypothalamus that receives info from retina and helps control sleep-wake cycles

Question 10

hypophyseal portal system

Answer 10

blood vessels that directly connect the hypothalamus with the anterior pituitary (hypophysis)

Question 11

hormones release by hypothalamus –> anterior pituitary

Answer 11

1. Gonadotropin releasing hormone –> FSH and LH
2. Growth Hormone RH –> GH
3. Thyroid RH –> TSH
4. Corticotropin-releasing factor –> adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
5. Prolactin-inhibiting factor (dopamine)

Question 12

posterior pituitary hormones

Answer 12

oxytocin –> uterine contraction, milk, bonding behavior

ADH/ vasopressin –> increases reabsorption of water in the collecting duct

Question 13

ADH/ Vasopressin

Answer 13

released in response to increased plasma osmolarity or low blood volume (sensed by baroreceptors)
Will increase reabsorption of water

Question 14

hormones released by anterior pituitary

Answer 14

FLAT (tropic) PEG (direct)

FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, Prolactin, Endorphins, GH

Question 15

function thyroid

Answer 15

setting basal metabolic rate (T3 and T4) and promotes Ca homeostasis (calcitonin)

Question 16

triiodinethyronine and thyroxine

Answer 16

produced by iodination of tyrosine in the follicular cells of the thyroid
makes energy production more or less efficient

Question 17

hypothyroidism symptoms

Answer 17

lethargy, decreased body temperature, slowed respiratory and heart rate

Question 18

C-cells

Answer 18

produce calcitonin.

Question 19

calcitonin

Answer 19

decreases plasma Ca levels by increasing Ca excretion by kidneys, decreasing Ca absorption from gut, and increasing Ca storage in the bone

Question 20

parathyroid hormone

Answer 20

antagonistic to calcitonin. Raises Ca blood levels by decreasing Ca excretion and increasing absorption by the gut via vitamin D

Question 21

glucocorticoids

Answer 21

cortisol and cortisone
raise blood glucose by increasing gluconeogenesis and decreasing protein synthesis
can also decrease inflammation and immunological response

Question 22

mineralocorticoids

Answer 22

water and salt homeostasis

Question 23

aldosterone

Answer 23

increases Na absorption in the distal convoluted tube and collecting duct. Water follows increasing blood volume and pressure

Question 24

renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

Answer 24

decreased blood pressure causes juxtaglomerular cells of kidney to secrete renin, which cleaves inactive plasma protein angiotensinogen into its active form angiotensin I –> converted into angiotensin II by Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) in the lungs. AngT II stimulates aldosterone release by adrenal cortex

Question 25

3 functions of corticosteroids

Answer 25

3 S: sugar, sex, salt

Question 26

types of cells in pancreas

Answer 26

alpha –> glucagon
beta –> insulin
delta –> somatostatin

Question 27

somatostatin

Answer 27

inhibitor of both glucagon and secretion

Question 28

serial natriuretic peptide

Answer 28

released by heart, helps regulate salt and water balance

Question 29

thymosin

Answer 29

released by thymus, important for proper T-cell maturation