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MCAT Biology > The Cell > Flashcards

The Cell Flashcards

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1
Q

Cell Theory

A
  1. All living things are composed of cells
  2. Cell is basic unit of life
  3. Cells arise from pre-existing cells
  4. Cells carry genetic information in form of DNA. Passed on from parent to daughter cell
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2
Q

Nucleolus

A

Where ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is synthesized

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3
Q

Lysosome and Endosomes

A
  1. Contains hydrolytic enzymes, degrades substances ingested by endocytosis and waste material. May induce apoptosis
  2. transport, package and sort cell material
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4
Q

Where is lipid synthesized?

A

Smooth ER

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5
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Modifies cellular products by the addition of groups like carbohydrates, phosphates, and sulfates. Introduces single sequences which direct the product to specific cellular location

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6
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Contain hydrogen peroxide. Breaks down long chain fatty acid via B-oxidation

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7
Q

Microfilaments

A

Actin: solid polymerized rods organized in networks to provide protection to the cell
Work with myosin to produce muscle contraction
Play a role in cytokinesis

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8
Q

Microtubules

A

hollow polymer of tubular

Kinesin (+/periphery) and dynein

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9
Q

Cilia and flagella structures

A

Microtubules organizes in 9+2 structure

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10
Q

Centrioles and Kinetochores

A
  1. Located in centrosome, organization center of microtubules; mitotic spindle
  2. Where microtubules attach on chromosomes
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11
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

cell-cell adhesion, anchor organelles

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12
Q

epithelial tissues

A

cover the body and line cavities
connected to basement membrane
constitute the parenchyma (functional part of organ)
polarized

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13
Q

Where is the DNA of prokaryote located?

A

Nucleoid region.

Linear DNA

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14
Q

Similarities between eukaryotes and archaea

A
  1. Start translation with methionine
  2. contain similar RNA polymerases
  3. associate DNA with histones
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15
Q

Similarities between bacteria and archaea

A
  1. single circular chromosome
  2. binary fission or budding
  3. similar structure (contains flagella)
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16
Q

Facultative anaerobes

A

can switch between aerobic and anaerobic metabolism

17
Q

aerotolerant anaerobes

A

unable to use oxygen for metabolism but are not harmed by O2 in the environment

18
Q

Gram positive bacteria

A

absorbs crystal violet stain (dark purple)
Consist of a thick layer of peptidoglycan (made of amino acids and sugars)
Contains lipoteichoic acid - human immune system reacts to it

19
Q

Gram negative bacteria

A 
absorbs safranin (light pink)
thin peptidoglycan wall
Layer between cell wall and plasma membrane is called periplasmic space
Contain outer membranes containing lipopolysaccharides (trigger immune response)
20
Q

Does bacteria have histones?

A

No, their singular circular DNA is wrapped in histone-like proteins (but not histone)

21
Q

Prokaryotes ribosomes

A

30S and 50S subunits while humans have 40S and 60S.

These differences allows us to create antibiotics that target bacterial transcription only

22
Q

Binary fission

A

Asexual reproduction of prokaryotes

Singular circular DNA attaches to cell wall and gets replicate. Plasma membrane begins to grow inward and divide

23
Q

Bacterial transformation

A

integration of foreign genetic material into the host genome - absorb genetic info from bacteria that lysis

24
Q

bacterial conjugation

A

Sexual reproduction
Donor (+ F plasmid) attaches plus onto recipient (- F). Copy of sex factor is transferred. If sex factor was transformed into genuine then the entire genome may be transferred (high frequency recombination)

25
Q

Transduction

A

Virus carries genetic material (bacteriophages)

26
Q

Transposons

A

Genetic elements capable of inserting and removing themselves from the genome

27
Q

Bacterial growth curve

A
  1. Lag phase: bacteria are getting used to new conditions
  2. exponential phase (log phase): bacteria begin to reproduce
  3. stationary phase: reduction of resources decreases rate of reproduction
  4. death phase: bacteria have exceeded the ability of the environment to support it
28
Q

Viruses genetic information

A

circular or linear
single or double stranded
DNA or RNA

29
Q

Why do viruses require host cells?

A

they lack ribosomes to carry out protein synthesis

30
Q

Structure of bacteriophage

A

Capsid: protein coat surrounding DNA
Tail sheath: acts as syringe
Tail fiber: anchoring/ locomotion

31
Q

Positive sense virus

A

genome can be directly translated to functional proteins by ribosomes of host cell

32
Q

negative sense virus

A

RNA strand acts as a template for synthesis of complementary strand, which can be used as template for synthesis.
Must carry RNA replicase

33
Q

Retroviruses

A

contains two identical RNA molecules. Uses reverse transcriptase to synthesize DNA from RNA. This DNA integrates into host genome
–> permanently part of cell
HIV

34
Q

Lytic cycle

A

Maximizes the use of cell’s machinery with no regards to cell survival (lyses)
Virulent viruses

35
Q

Lysogenic cycle

A

Genetic info integrates into hosts genome and it is replicated as the bacteria replicates (provirus)

36
Q

Prions

A

Infectious proteins that trigger the misfolding of other proteins (usually conversion of alpha to beta protein structures)
Protein becomes insoluble and cell cannot degrade it –> aggregates and disrupts cell function

37
Q

Viroids

A

small pathogens that infect plants (HDV is a human example)

38
Q

Similarities bacteria and archaea

A
  1. singular circular chromosome
  2. divide binary fission or budding
  3. similar overall structure

MCAT Biology (6 decks)

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