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MCAT Biology > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

Interphase

A

G1, S, G2 –> dividing cells spend 90% of the time

chromosomes are not visible because they are in chromatin form

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2
Q

G0

A

Non-dividing cell. Simply living and carrying out functions without preparing for division

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3
Q

G1

A

Create organelles and increase size.

Restriction point: DNA is good. If DNA is damaged, cell goes into arrest (p53 protein)

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4
Q

S

A

Cell replicates genetic material

Two identical chromatids bound at centromere

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5
Q

G2

A

DNA is checked and if there is enough organelles for new cell

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6
Q

Molecules responsible for cell cycle

A

CDK are activated by cyclins. CDK-cyclin complexes phosphorylate transcription factors needed for cell cycle

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7
Q

Centrioles

A

paired cylindrical organelles responsible for organization of microtubules

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8
Q

centrosome

A

region outside nucleus that contains centrioles

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9
Q

Centromeres

A

DNA sequence on chromosome that holds sister chromatids together and attaches to kinetochore

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10
Q

Meiosis I

A 
Homologous chromosomes (same number chromosome but one from dad one from mom) separate
Yields haploid cells
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11
Q

Reductional division

A

Meiosis I

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12
Q

Equational division

A

Meiosis II

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13
Q

Prophase I

A

Homologous chromosomes come together and intertwine: synapsis. Forms a tetrad

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14
Q

What holds tetrads together?

A

synaptonemal complex

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15
Q

Crossing over

A

Occurs in prophase I

at the chiasma

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16
Q

Mendel’s second law of independent assortment

A

inheritance of one allele has no effect on the likelihood of inheriting certain alleles of other genes

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17
Q

Testes is composed of

A

seminiferous tubules and interstitial cells of Leydig

18
Q

Sperm is produced in the ______ and nourished by ____

A

seminiferous tubules

Sertoli cells

19
Q

Leydig cells

A

secrete testosterone

20
Q

epididymis

A

once produced in seminiferous tubules they are stored in the epididymis until ejaculation. Flagella gains motility

21
Q

Pathway of sperm

A

SEVE(n) UP

Seminiferous tubules
Epididymis
Vas deferens
Ejaculatory duct

Urethra
Penis

22
Q

Seminal vesicles

A

fructose to nourish sperm

23
Q

prostate gland

A

makes it alkaline so sperm can survive in acidic female environment

24
Q

bulbourethral glands

A

produce clear viscous fluid that cleans out urine remains and lubricates

25
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

spermatogonia (diploid stem cells ) –> primary spermatocytes (after S phase, 2n) –> secondary spermatocytes (after meiosis I/ haploid) –> spermatids (after meiosis II) –> spermatozoa (mature sperm)

26
Q

Acrosome

A

covers sperm head. derived from Golgi; necessary to penetrate ovum

27
Q

midpiece

A

contains many mitochondria to provide energy for swimming

28
Q

Female reproductive system

A

Ovaries are located in the pelvic cavity. They release an egg into the peritoneal sac. Egg is drawn into the fallopian tube –> uterus

29
Q

Oogenesis

A

by birth all oogonia (stem) have undergone DNA replication and are considered primary oocytes (2n) –> secondary oocyte + polar body (after meiosis I, remains arrested in metaphase II) –> mature ovum + polar body (complete meiosis II post fertilization)

30
Q

In which stage does the egg remain until fertilization?

A

Metaphase II

31
Q

Two layers of ovum

A

zona pellucida: acellular glycoproteins, protection and sperm binding
corona radiata: layer of cells

32
Q

Endocrine sexual development

A

Hypothalamus releases GnRH –> anterior pituitary: LH and FSH

33
Q

Male sexual development and hormones

A

FSH stimulates Sertoli cells –> sperm maturation

LH causes interstitial cells to produce testosterone

34
Q

Female sexual development and hormones

A

FSH stimulate estrogen release (helps thickening of endometrium)
LH stimulates release of progesterone by the corpus luteum (maintenance of endometrium)

35
Q

Estrogen vs progesterone

A

ESTrogene ESTablishes PROgesterone PROtects

36
Q

Follicular phase

A

Begins at menstrual flow
GnRH secretion due to decreased estrogen and progesterone levels. Increase LH and FSH –> increase Est/Pro –> growth development of endometrium
Est/Pro negative feedback on GnRH/ LH/ FSH

37
Q

Ovulation

A

Estrogen levels increase and promote positive feedback on GnRH/ LH/ FSH
LH surge causes release of ovum

38
Q

Luteal Phase

A

corpus luteum releases prog.

Prog negative feedback on GnRH/FSH/LH (no multiple egg release)

39
Q

Menstruation

A

Prog levels decline and endometrium begins to shed

40
Q

Pregnancy

A

Zygote implants and blastocyst secretes hCG which maintains corpus luteum until placenta id big enough to produce prog and estrogen

41
Q

Menopause

A

Ovaries are less sensitive to FSH and LH (high levels of both). Endometrium atrophies.

MCAT Biology (6 decks)

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