Embryogenesis and Development

Question 1

Ampulla

Answer 1

largest part of the fallopian tube, where fertilization occurs

Question 2

acrosomal apparatus

Answer 2

tubelike structured formed by the secondary oocyte’s membrane when sperm comes into contact. Allows movement of pronucleus into oocyte

Question 3

cortical reaction

Answer 3

release of Ca post sperm and oocyte contact.

1. increases metabolic rate of zygote
2. depolarizes membrane so it is not fertilized by multiple sperm

Question 4

blastula

Answer 4

hollow ball of cells with a fluid filled inner cavity –> blastocoel

Question 5

trophoblast cells

Answer 5

(blastula) give rise to chorion and later placenta

Question 6

inner cell mass

Answer 6

(blastula) gives rise to organism

Question 7

chorion

Answer 7

extra embryonic membrane that contains chorionic villi

Question 8

chorionic villi

Answer 8

fingerlike projections that penetrate endometrium, support maternal-fetal gas exchange (future placenta)

Question 9

umbilical vein

Answer 9

carries oxygenated and nutrient rich blood from placenta to embryo (precedes reaching embryo heart)

Question 10

umbilical artery

Answer 10

carries deoxygenated blood and waste to placenta

Question 11

yolk sac

Answer 11

site of early blood development. Support early embryo

Question 12

amnion

Answer 12

thin, tough membrane filled w amniotic fluid. Shock absorber

Question 13

gastrulation

Answer 13

generation of 3 layer cell.

Question 14

deuterostomes

Answer 14

blastopore develops into anus

Question 15

neurolation

Answer 15

mesodermal cells form a rod –> notochord. Induces a group of ectodermal cells to slide inward creating a neural fold

Question 16

teratogens

Answer 16

substances that interfere with fetal development –>alcohol, drugs, chemicals

Question 17

senescence

Answer 17

biological aging
cellular level: failure of cells to divide (shortened telomeres)
organismal level: changes in the body’s ability to respond to changes in the environment

Question 18

telomerase

Answer 18

reverse transcriptase found in germ, fetal, and tumor cells. Able to synthesize the ends of chromosomes

Question 19

fetal hemoglobin

Answer 19

has greater affinity for O2, assisting in the transfer of oxygen into the fetal system

Question 20

foramen ovale

Answer 20

one way valve that connects the right atrium to the left atrium, bypasses lungs

Question 21

difference between pressure in heart

Answer 21

right side of heart is at higher pressure in fetus

Question 22

ductus arteriosus

Answer 22

shunts leftover blood from the pulmonary artery to the aorta (bypasses lungs)

Question 23

ductus venosus

Answer 23

shunts blood returning from the placenta via the umbilical vein directly into inferior vena cava (bypasses liver)

Question 24

first trimester

Answer 24

major organs developmed
cartilaginous skeleton begins to harden
brain is fairly developed

Question 25

second trimester

Answer 25

a lot of growth, begins to move

Question 26

third trimester

Answer 26

antibodies are actively transported

further brain develpment

Question 27

uterine contractions

Answer 27

coordinated by prostaglandins and oxytocin