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Patho Exam 2 > The Endocrine System > Flashcards

The Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Glands of the endocrine system include:

A

Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, gonads, hypothalamus

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2
Q

The endocrine system is an important system of

A

Communication

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3
Q

Hormone levels are regulated by

A

Negative feedback inhibition

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4
Q

Water soluble hormones include:

A

Peptides and catecholamines

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5
Q

Lipid soluble hormones include:

A

Steroid and thyroid hormones

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6
Q

When hormones act locally on cells other than those that produce the hormone

A

Paracrine

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7
Q

When hormones exert action on the cells from which they were produced

A

Autocrine

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8
Q

Peptides and catecholamines are produced:

A

In advance and stored in vesicles. They are released by exocytosis with calcium signal.

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9
Q

Peptides and catecholamines are transported:

A

Without a carrier to Target tissue

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10
Q

Peptides and catecholamines find their receptors:

A

On target cell surface and use second messenger systems

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11
Q

Steroids and thyroid hormones are synthesized:

A

On demand, cannot be stored and use diffusion once made.

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12
Q

Steroid and thyroid hormones are transported:

A

Require a protein carrier to target tissue inside of the cell- either cytoplasm or nucleus and alter gene transcription.

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13
Q

These disorders originate in the gland responsible for producing the hormone:

A

Primary endocrine disorders

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14
Q

These disorders are caused by decreased hormone production or release from the pituitary:

A

Secondary endocrine disorders

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15
Q

These disorders are due to dysfunction of the hypothalamus:

A

Tertiary endocrine disorders

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16
Q

Growth hormone, also called somatotropin, is a general metabolic hormone that:

A
  1. Promotes growth of skeletal muscle and stimulates extension of the long bones before puberty by acting on epiphyseal plate.
  2. Metabolic effects include stimulation of protein anabolism and fat catabolism, while sparing glucose to help maintain glucose homeostasis.
  3. Many of the effects of GH are mediated by insulin like growth factors.
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17
Q

Most common cause of hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction in adults:

A

Pituitary adenine

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18
Q

Deficits in growth hormone in children leads to

A

Dwarfism

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19
Q

Growth hormone excess in children leads to

A

Gigantism

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20
Q

Excess of growth hormone in adults leads to

A

Acromegaly

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21
Q

Thyroid gland produces these 2 hormones

A
  1. Thyroid hormone

2. Calcitonin

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22
Q

A reduction in the amount of thyroid hormone produced, leading to a decreased rate of metabolism and a slowing of physiologic processes

A

Hypothyroidism

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23
Q

Hypothyroidism in children result in

A

Cretinism

24
Q

Hypothyroidism in adults results in this and the most common cause is this:

A

Myxedema and hashimoto’s disease

25
Q

An overproduction in thyroid hormone with the most common cause being this:

A

Hyperthyroidism and Graves’ disease

26
Q

An enlarged thyroid is referred to as a

A

Goiter

27
Q

In hypothyroidism the thyroid gland enlarges in an attempt to produce more thyroid hormones due to these 2 reasons:

A
  1. Insufficient iodine intake is the most common cause of increased thyroid stimulating hormone leading to goiter
  2. Diffuse enlargement of the thyroid is most commonly caused by prolonged stimulation by TSH
28
Q

Autoimmune destruction of the thyroid gland

A

Hashimoto’s disease

29
Q

Autoimmune disease involving the production of antibodies against TSH receptor. The antibodies overstimulate the thyroid gland to produce TH independently of TSH leading to excess TH and goiter.

A

Graves’ disease

30
Q

This hormone reduces plasma calcium levels by causing calcium to be deposited into the bone.

A

Calcitonin

31
Q

This hormone is necessary for normal growth and development and is an important regulator of metabolism through life.

A

Thyroid hormone

32
Q

Adrenal glands has two main regions:

A

Medulla (neural)

Cortex (glandular)

33
Q

Adrenal cortex produces these 3 steroid hormone types:

A

Mineralcorticoids- aldosterone
Glucocorticoids- cortisol
Androgens- androgens

34
Q

Adrenal medulla produces these catecholamines released after sympathetic stimulation:

A

Epi and norepinephrine

35
Q

These hormones regulate minerals sodium and potassium. They stimulate sodium and water retention to maintain fluid and electrolyte homeostasis.

A

Mineralcorticoids

36
Q

These hormones promote cellular metabolism and response to long-term stress by regulating glucose levels. They also have anti-inflammatory activities.

A

Glucocorticoids

37
Q

This is a key steroid hormone from the adrenal cortex that modulates long-term stress. It acts to alter metabolism to maintain elevated blood glucose levels and it suppressed inflammatory and immune responses.

A

Cortisol

38
Q

The adrenal medulla is neural tissue that secretes these neurohormones into the blood:

A
  1. Epinephrine

2. Norepinephrine

39
Q

This type of insufficiency occurs when there is damage to the adrenal cortex. It is mainly caused by autoimmune disease and tb.

A

Primary insufficiency

40
Q

This type of insufficiency occurs when there is a lack of ACTH from the anterior pituitary. It may also occur with exogenous glucocorticoid therapy or with a pituitary or hypothalamic tumor.

A

Secondary insufficiency

41
Q

This is caused by atrophy of the adrenal glands due to an autoimmune response. It is a primary insufficiency.

A

Addison’s disease

42
Q

Signs and symptoms of Addison’s disease are:

A
  1. Hyperpigmentation
  2. Hypoglycemia
  3. Hypotension
  4. Decreased cardiac size
  5. Decreased mineralcorticoid activity
    • fluid and electrolyte abnormalities
    • changes in white blood cell ratios
  6. Also: weakness, fatigue, anemia, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, and muscle and joint pain
43
Q

This is often due to insufficient glucocorticoids. It can be life threatening and may be precipitated by severe infection, trauma, surgery, or dehydration.

A

Adrenal crisis

44
Q

Adrenal crisis signs and symptoms include:

A
  1. Often presents with confusion, headache, nausea, vomiting, muscular weakness, hypotension, dehydration, and vascular collapse.
  2. Can present as the rapid onset of hypotensive shock
  3. May include hypoglycemia, hyperkalemia, and hyponatremia as a consequence of glucocorticoid and mineralcorticoid loss
45
Q

This is the physical and physiologic manifestation of the overproduction of cortisol. Often occurs because of excess production of ACTH from a pituitary tumor.

A

Cushing’s syndrome

46
Q

Cushing’s disease is caused from a:

A

Pituitary tumor

47
Q

Cushing’s syndrome arises from:

A

Adrenal gland (cortex)

48
Q

Signs and symptoms of Cushing’s syndrome:

A
  1. Fat redistribution- moon face or Buffalo hump
  2. Altered protein metabolism- muscle wasting resulting in weakness and thin extremities
  3. Accelerated bone metabolism- increased risk of fracture and osteoporosis, renal calculi
  4. Altered glucose metabolism- often with appearance of diabetes
  5. Increased risk of infection due to anti-inflammatory properties of cortisol
  6. Increased androgens- hirsutism, acne, irregular menstruation
49
Q

These are hormone producing tissue that release both insulin and glucagon.

A

Pancreatic islets

50
Q

These cells release insulin in response to high blood glucose.

A

B-islets

51
Q

These cells release glucagon in response to low blood glucose levels.

A

A-islets

52
Q

This is caused by a complete or near absence of insulin from destruction of B-islet cells.

A

Type 1 diabetes

53
Q

This is caused from a decreased responsiveness to insulin due to decreased receptor number or sensitivity.

A

Type 2 diabetes.

54
Q

This hormone acts to raise blood calcium levels by actions in bones, intestines, and kidneys.

A

Parathyroid hormone

55
Q

This is a decreased secretion of PTH or decreased hormonal response to PTH in the tissues. Removal or destruction of parathyroid gland. Decreased calcium levels causes increased neuromuscular and symptoms of tetany.

A

Hypoparathyroidism

56
Q

Enhanced activity of the parathyroid glands result in hyper secretion of PTH. Caused elevated serum calcium levels and excessive secretion of potassium by the kidneys. Caused by adenoma.

A

Hyperparathyroidism

57
Q

The 2 hormones that regulate calcium levels in the body are:

A
  1. Calcitonin- released from thyroid

2. Parathyroid hormone

Patho Exam 2 (4 decks)

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