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Patho Exam 2 > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Central nervous system includes:

A

Brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

Peripheral nervous system includes:

A

Afferent: sensory
Efferent: motor
Somatic: voluntary
Autonomic: involuntary

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3
Q

There are the functional cells of the nervous system that contain the cell body, dendrites, and axons

A

Neurons

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4
Q

These are supporting cells in the PNS that produce myelin to facilitate rapid conduction of an action potential.

A

Schwann cells

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5
Q

The ionic changes that allow conduction of information along the length of the axon.

A

Action potential

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6
Q

The process by which a neuron conveys information along the length of the axon.

A

Synaptic transmission

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7
Q

The 4 main regions of the brain:

A
  1. Cerebral hemispheres
  2. Diencephalon
  3. Brain stem
  4. Cerebellum
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8
Q

A cerebral hemisphere that contains the primary motor cortex important for precise movement of hands and feet and phonation (speech). Also contains the premotor or motor association cortex involves in the planning of complex learned movement patterns.

A

Frontal lobe

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9
Q

This cerebral hemisphere contains the primary somatosensory cortex and the somatosensory association cortex necessary for perceiving the meaningfulness of integrated sensory inputs.

A

Parietal lobe

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10
Q

This cerebral hemisphere contains the primary auditory cortex important for the discrimination of sounds entering opposite ears. Memory associated with certain sound patterns occur here as well as long term memory and recall are associated with this region.

A

Temporal lobe

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11
Q

This cerebral hemisphere contains the primary visual cortex and the visual association cortex to interpret the meaning of visual experiences.

A

Occipital lobe

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12
Q

This is contained within the cerebrum and is involved in governing emotional experiences and controlling emotion-related behavior.

A

Limbic system

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13
Q

This is superior to the brain stem and is enclosed by cerebral hemispheres. It contains the thalamus and the hypothalamus.

A

Diencephalon

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14
Q

This provides a relay station for info to and from the cerebral cortex. It relays sensory information to the sensory cortex and critical info regarding motor activities to and from regions of the motor cortex.

A

Thalamus

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15
Q

This is the master gland that controls most homeostatic processes in the body. It regulates water balance, the hunger-satiety cycle, water balance, overall metabolism, and body temp. It controls the autonomic nervous system.

A

Hypothalamus

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16
Q

The brain stem includes these 2 structures that regulate basic and essential functions:

A
  1. Pons

2. Medulla

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17
Q

This projects dorsally from under the occipital lobe of the cerebrum and contains 2 hemispheres: the outer region composed of gray matter and the inner region composed of white matter

A

Cerebellum

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18
Q

This governs skeletal muscle activity, it is particularly important for control of rapid movements including running, typing, and talking. It plays an important role in controlling our balance and equilibrium.

A

Cerebellum

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19
Q

The CNS is protected by:

A

Bone, meninges, cerebrospinal fluid, the blood brain barrier

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20
Q

3 connective tissue membranes that protect the CNS structures.

A

Meninges

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21
Q

The meninges are separated into these 3 types:

A
  1. Dura mater
  2. Arachnoid mater
  3. Pia mater
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22
Q

This meninges is a double layer membrane surrounding the brain.

A

Dura mater

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23
Q

This layer of the dura mater that is attached to the inner skull surface

A

Periosteal layer

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24
Q

This layer of the dura mater is the outermost covering and continues as the dura mater of the spinal cord.

A

Meningeal layer

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25
Q

This meninges is threadlike extensions that span the subarachnoid space (filled with CSF). It attaches to the inner most membrane the pia mater.

A

Arachnoid mater

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26
Q

This meninges clings tightly to the surface of the brain and spinal cord.

A

Pia mater

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27
Q

The four ventricles containing CSF:

A

1-2: 2 lateral ventricles

3: 3rd ventricle in the diencephalon
4. 4th ventricle connecting the subarachnoid space and central canal of the spinal cord

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28
Q

This is formed from blood by the choroid plexus, a set of capillary clusters originating from the pia mater that are found in each ventricle.

A

CSF

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29
Q

This is a continuation of the brain stem and extends from the foramen magnum at the base of the skull to the level of L1 or L2.

A

The spinal cord

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30
Q

This is a collection of spinal nerves at the inferior end of the spinal cord.

A

Cauda equina

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31
Q

These are rapid, predictable, and involuntary responses to stimuli, may occur at the level of the spinal cord.

A

Reflexes

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32
Q

This is stimulated by painful stimuli to cause limb removal from stimulus, often accompanied by activation of muscles on the alternating side to prepare for a shift in weight distribution.

A

Flexor-withdrawal response

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33
Q

These control the position of the body in space or proprioception.

A

Myotatic or stretch reflexes.

34
Q

This surrounds the central canal that contains the CSF.

A

Gray matter

35
Q

These contain interneurons.

A

Dorsal or posterior horns

36
Q

These contain cell bodies of motor neurons.

A

Ventral or anterior horns

37
Q

The white matter represents the myelinated fibers or tracts and are divided into these 3 regions:

A
  1. Posterior
  2. Lateral
  3. Anterior
38
Q

This is a state of awareness and orientation to surroundings, and the ability to respond to stimuli.

A

Consciousness

39
Q

Consciousness is determined by this.

A

Reticular activating system

40
Q

These are forms of TBIs that may be reversible or self-resolving depending upon the severity of the injury.

A

Concussions and contusions

41
Q

This is caused by sudden movement of brain as during a sports injury, car accident, or fall. It’s the most common form of TBI that is diffuse but transient and reversible.

A

Concussion

42
Q

This is bruising of the brain tissue associated with small petechial hemorrhages that leak into brain tissue. Associated with blunt trauma in closed head injuries that are partially reversible, depending on severity.

A

Cerebral contusion

43
Q

Head injury and subsequent damage to brain, possibly cranial nerves as well.

A

TBIs

44
Q

Focal injury involving collection of blood in or around the brain, often caused by hemorrhage.

A

Hematoma

45
Q

Refers to structural damage at the moment of trauma to neurons, glial cells, and blood vessels.

A

Primary brain injury

46
Q

Occurs as body responds to primary injury. Includes changes to blood flow (ischemia and hypoxia). Also includes edema and subsequent intracranial pressure which can lead to brain death or herniation.

A

Secondary brain injury

47
Q

A type of secondary injury that results from an accumulation of fluids and causes include damage to BBB or swelling of brain cells due to inadequate waste removal.

A

Cerebral edema

48
Q

Type of secondary injury that results from fluid accumulation due to inflammatory or edematous processes. Resultant reduction in tissue perfusion can lead to hypoxia and neural death.

A

ICP

49
Q

Type of hemorrhage that is an arterial bleed (middle menigeal artery) into extraditable space between skull and outermost brain layer.

A

Epidural

50
Q

Type of hemorrhage that is the most common meningeal hemorrhage where blood accumulates between the dura mater and arachnoid mater.

A

Subdural

51
Q

Type of hemorrhage that results from disruption of the cerebral vessels with the brain parenchyma, resulting in neuro deficits. Commonly found in frontal and temporal lobes.

A

Intracerebral

52
Q

Cerebrovascular brain injury and neuro dysfunction caused by disruption of blood flow to the brain and include disorders of cerebral vessels, TIAs, and stroke. Caused by HTN and hyperlipidemia.

A

CVD

53
Q

Neurological events due to ischemia that are short lived and resolve completely. May be recurrent and precede strokes.

A

TIAs

54
Q

Sudden focal neurological deficit from a vascular disorder.

A

Stroke

55
Q

Refers to localized dilation in a blood vessel wall that can rupture and lead to hemorrhage.

A

Aneurysm

56
Q

Infection and inflammation of the brain tissue or spinal cord caused by viruses.

A

Encephalitis

57
Q

Infection of the meninges that are caused by bacterial infections or viruses.

A

Meningitis

58
Q

Degenerative disease of the CNS characterized by movement disorder. Caused by death of dopamine producing cells in substantia nigra of the basal ganglia. Disruption of basal ganglia signals lead to hyper and hypokinetic disorders. Cause of cell death is not known but is characterized by Lewy bodies.

A

Parkinson’s disease

59
Q

Disorders involving neurons fully contained in the CNS that arise from the motor areas of the cortex and descend the spinal cord.

A

Upper motor neuron disorders

60
Q

Examples of UMN disorders:

A

MS, spinal cord injury, ALS

61
Q

Caused by an autoimmune attack on myelin of CNS neurons that causes formation of plaques and destruction of myelin.

A

MS

62
Q

A condition characterized by loss of motor neurons. It is a progressive weakness and muscle wasting, with death usually within 5 years of diagnosis.

A

ALS

63
Q

This division of the PNS detects, transmits, and processes environmental info from internal and external sources through a variety of specific receptors.

A

Afferent (sensory)

64
Q

An afferent neuron and all of the receptors that send info along it.

A

Sensory unit

65
Q

The area of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve transmitting to a dorsal root ganglion and spinal cord segment.

A

Dermatome

66
Q

An area (on the body surface) that sends info along a single afferent neuron.

A

Receptive field

67
Q

These enter the spinal cord or brain and synapses on an interneuron.

A

Afferent neurons

68
Q

Ascend the dorsal columns. I’m

A

Myelinated fibers

69
Q

2 types of myelinated fibers:

A
  1. Fast myelinated- touch, proprioception, pressure

2. Slow myelinated- touch, temp, fast pain

70
Q

Ascend anterolateral system for slow pain, hot and cold, itch

A

Unmyelinated fibers

71
Q

Voluntary and involuntary movement are initiated by this division of the PNS.

A

Efferent (motor)

72
Q

The motor division has these 2 systems:

A
  1. Somatic- skeletal muscle

2. Autonomic- smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

73
Q

These tracts originate in the sensorimotor cortex of the cerebral cortex, descend through the basal ganglia and brain stem, and cross or remain uncrossed at the medulla from where they descend the spinal cord. Diseases of these tracts (strokes) are characterized by spasticity and paralysis.

A

Pyramidal (corticospinal) tracts

74
Q

These tracts include the remaining tracts that do not transverse the pyramid in the brain stem. Diseases of these tracts (Parkinson’s) result in involuntary movements, muscle rigidity, and immobility without paralysis.

A

Extrapyrimidal (noncorticospinal) tracts

75
Q

Is defined as an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with an actual or potential tissue damage.

A

Pain

76
Q

If pain is somatogenic (known physiologic cause) it may be referred to as:

A

Nociceptive or neuropathic

77
Q

Type of pain that is cutaneous, deep somatic, or visceral

A

Nociceptive

78
Q

Type of pain that originated from within an altered nervous system

A

Neuropathic

79
Q

A form of spinal cord injury involving a partial (hemi) transection of the anterior and posterior spinal cord that can result in compromise to PNS function and responses.

A

Brown-sequard syndrome

80
Q

An acute polyneuropathy that affects the PNS. Condition characterized by ascending paralysis, weakness in the extremities migrating toward the trunk, altered sensations, pain, and dysfunction of the ANS.

A

Gillian-Barre syndrome

Patho Exam 2 (4 decks)

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